User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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=====Infinitive=====
=====Infinitive=====
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -əme. It distinguishes four forms
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʂetenəme</center>
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsɑme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəme</center>
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəme</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəme</center>
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pɑme</center> || <center>lolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsɑme</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəme</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəme</center>
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñɑme</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme</center>
|-
|-
|}
|}


The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class noun.  


=====Participle=====
In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.
There are two participial forms, the ''active participle'' and the ''passive participle''. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such, while also displaying four forms, differing in aspect and tense.


The '''active participle''' is formed through the ending -īto, while the '''passive participle''' through the ending -əwkiə:
Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ''ablative'' case.


=====Agentive participle=====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active participle</small>''</center>
| style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekīto</center> || <center>ʂetenīto</center>
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsī́to</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekīto</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenīto</center>
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākīto</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkīto</center>
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́pī́to</center> || <center>lolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsī́to</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākīto</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkīto</center>
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́pī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñī́to</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to</center>
|-
|-
|}
|}


The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case:
ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
<small>the man which might have seen the woman</small>
As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
=====Passive participle=====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive participle</small>''</center>
| style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>subjuncitve</small>''</center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 110px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lī́lopuki</center> || <center>lī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>lī́lopɑtsuki</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>imperfective present</small>'' || <center>māḱekəwkiə</center> || <center>ʂetenəwkiə</center>
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalī́lopuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopiñuki</center> || <center>ʔalī́lopɑtsuki</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>imperfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekəwkiə</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenəwkiə</center>
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>lolī́puki</center> || <center>lolī́piñuki</center> || <center>lolī́pɑtsuki</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>perfective present</small>'' || <center>meḱākəwkiə</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkəwkiə</center>
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>ʔalolī́puki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́piñuki</center> || <center>ʔalolī́pɑtsuki</center>
|-
| ''<small>perfective past</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākəwkiə</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkəwkiə</center>
|-
|-
|}
|}
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.


The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun
Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the ''agentive'' case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.
 
wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
<small>the woman seen by the man</small>
 
As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
Both participial forms are widely used in relative clauses building.

Revision as of 10:24, 25 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: märose, to see (1st conjugation), pöħuse, to establish (2nd conjugation), giɕëse, to pretend (3rd conjugation), hëhɑse, to happen, to occur (4th conjugation), pɑse, to shine (5th conjugation).

Each conjugation features a typical identifying thematic vowel, which, however, do not recur in the different tenses:

1st conjugation:
-o-
2nd conjugation:
-u-
3rd conjugation:
-ë-
4th conjugation:
-ɑ-
5th conjugation:
-

The fifth conjugation is regarded as inherently irregular and features no typical thematic vowel. All verbs belonging to this conjugation are irregularly conjugated. The following example for this conjugation is only for illustrative purpose and cannot be taken as a proper conjugation template.

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
-ü-
-ü-
-y-
-y-
(various)

The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
1st sing.
märüm
pöħüm
giɕym
hëhym
pöm
2nd sing.
märüd
pöħüd
giɕyd
hëhyd
pöd
3rd sing.
märüg
pöħüg
giɕyg
hëhyg
pög
1st plur.
märümy
pöħümy
giɕymy
hëhymy
pömy
2nd plur.
märüdy
pöħüdy
giɕydy
hëhydy
pödy
3rd plur.
märügy
pöħügy
giɕygy
hëhygy
pögy
Imperfect tense

The imperfect tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
-o-
-o-
-ë-
-ɑ-
(various)

The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
1st sing.
märom
pöħom
giɕëm
hëhɑm
pɑm
2nd sing.
märod
pöħod
giɕëd
hëhɑd
pɑd
3rd sing.
märog
pöħog
giɕëg
hëhɑg
pɑg
1st plur.
märomy
pöħomy
giɕëmy
hëhɑmy
pɑmy
2nd plur.
märody
pöħody
giɕëdy
hëhɑdy
pɑdy
3rd plur.
märogy
pöħogy
giɕëgy
hëhɑgy
pɑgy
Past tense

The past tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
-ɑ-
-ë-
-ä-
-ü-
(various)

The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
1st sing.
märɑm
pöħëm
giɕäm
hëhüm
pam
2nd sing.
märɑd
pöħëd
giɕäd
hëhüd
pad
3rd sing.
märɑg
pöħëg
giɕäg
hëhüg
pag
1st plur.
märɑmy
pöħëmy
giɕämy
hëhümy
pamy
2nd plur.
märɑdy
pöħëdy
giɕädy
hëhüdy
pady
3rd plur.
märɑgy
pöħëgy
giɕägy
hëhügy
pagy
Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
-ë-
-y-
-ö-
-ë-
(various)

The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
1st sing.
märëm
pöħym
giɕöm
hëhëm
pom
2nd sing.
märëd
pöħyd
giɕöd
hëhëd
pod
3rd sing.
märëg
pöħyg
giɕög
hëhëg
pog
1st plur.
märëmy
pöħymy
giɕömy
hëhëmy
pomy
2nd plur.
märëdy
pöħydy
giɕödy
hëhëdy
pody
3rd plur.
märëgy
pöħygy
giɕögy
hëhëgy
pogy
Future tense

The future tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
-u-
-u-
-u-
-u-
(various)

The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
1st sing.
märum
pöħum
giɕum
hëhum
pum
2nd sing.
märud
pöħud
giɕud
hëhud
pud
3rd sing.
märug
pöħug
giɕug
hëhug
pug
1st plur.
märumy
pöħumy
giɕumy
hëhumy
pumy
2nd plur.
märudy
pöħudy
giɕudy
hëhudy
pudy
3rd plur.
märugy
pöħugy
giɕugy
hëhugy
pugy
Anterior future tense

The anterior future tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes (being these the same as the suffixes of the pluperfect tense with an additional -w-):

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
-ëw-
-yw-
-öw-
-ëw-
-(various)w-

The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
1st sing.
märëwm
pöħywm
giɕöwm
hëhëwm
powm
2nd sing.
märëwd
pöħywd
giɕöwd
hëhëwd
powd
3rd sing.
märëwg
pöħywg
giɕöwg
hëhëwg
powg
1st plur.
märëwmy
pöħywmy
giɕöwmy
hëhëwmy
powmy
2nd plur.
märëwdy
pöħywdy
giɕöwdy
hëhëwdy
powdy
3rd plur.
märëwgy
pöħywgy
giɕöwgy
hëhëwgy
powgy
Future in the past tense

The future in the past tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes (being these the same as the suffixes of the past tense with an additional -w-):

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
-ɑw-
-ëw-
-äw-
-üw-
-(various)w-

The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:

1st conjug.
2nd conjug.
3rd conjug.
4th conjug.
5th conjug.
1st sing.
märɑwm
pöħëwm
giɕäwm
hëhüwm
pawm
2nd sing.
märɑwd
pöħëwd
giɕäwd
hëhüwd
pawd
3rd sing.
märɑwg
pöħëwg
giɕäwg
hëhüwg
pawg
1st plur.
märɑwmy
pöħëwmy
giɕäwmy
hëhüwmy
pawmy
2nd plur.
märɑwdy
pöħëwdy
giɕäwdy
hëhüwdy
pawdy
3rd plur.
märɑwgy
pöħëwgy
giɕäwgy
hëhüwgy
pawgy

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive
indicative
subjuncitve
conditional
imp. pres.
lī́lopɑme
lī́lopiñɑme
lī́lopɑtsɑme
imp. past
ʔalī́lopɑme
ʔalī́lopiñɑme
ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme
imp. pres.
lolī́pɑme
lolī́piñɑme
lolī́pɑtsɑme
imp. past
ʔalolī́pɑme
ʔalolī́piñɑme
ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2nd class noun.

In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.

Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ablative case.

Agentive participle
indicative
subjuncitve
conditional
imp. pres.
lī́lopī́to
lī́lopiñī́to
lī́lopɑtsī́to
imp. past
ʔalī́lopī́to
ʔalī́lopiñī́to
ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to
imp. pres.
lolī́pī́to
lolī́piñī́to
lolī́pɑtsī́to
imp. past
ʔalolī́pī́to
ʔalolī́piñī́to
ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to

The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ablative case: 

ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
the man which might have seen the woman

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

Passive participle
indicative
subjuncitve
conditional
imp. pres.
lī́lopuki
lī́lopiñuki
lī́lopɑtsuki
imp. past
ʔalī́lopuki
ʔalī́lopiñuki
ʔalī́lopɑtsuki
imp. pres.
lolī́puki
lolī́piñuki
lolī́pɑtsuki
imp. past
ʔalolī́puki
ʔalolī́piñuki
ʔalolī́pɑtsuki

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the agentive case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role. 

wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
the woman seen by the man

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

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