|
|
| Line 79: |
Line 79: |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| =====Perfective present/future tense===== | | =====Past tense===== |
| The '''perfective present/future''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root: | | The '''past''' tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākol</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkol</center> | | | || <center>-ɑ-</center> || <center>-ë-</center> || <center>-ä-</center> || <center>-ü-</center> || <center>(<small>''various'')</small></center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱāker</center> || <center>ʂeteniəker</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>meḱākət́</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱāk</center> || <center>ʂeteniək</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākolon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākeron</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>meḱākət́on</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>meḱākon</center> || <center>ʂeteniəkon</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The perfective present/future tense conveys completed actions or states, mostly in the future, but also in the immediate present, especially in dependent clauses. | | The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes: |
| | |
| =====Imperfective past tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfective past ''' is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''4<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''5<sup>th</sup> conjug.''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekol</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenol</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑm</center> || <center>pöħëm</center> || <center>giɕäm</center> || <center>hëhüm</center> || <center>pam</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱeker</center> || <center>ʔaʂetener</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑd</center> || <center>pöħëd</center> || <center>giɕäd</center> || <center>hëhüd</center> || <center>pad</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenət́</center>
| | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>märɑg</center> || <center>pöħëg</center> || <center>giɕäg</center> || <center>hëhüg</center> || <center>pag</center> |
| | |- |
| | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑmy</center> || <center>pöħëmy</center> || <center>giɕämy</center> || <center>hëhümy</center> || <center>pamy</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>ʔamāḱek</center> || <center>ʔaʂeten</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑdy</center> || <center>pöħëdy</center> || <center>giɕädy</center> || <center>hëhüdy</center> || <center>pady</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenolon</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>märɑgy</center> || <center>pöħëgy</center> || <center>giɕägy</center> || <center>hëhügy</center> || <center>pagy</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteneron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔamāḱekət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenət́on</center>
| |
| |- | |
| | <center>ʔamāḱekon</center> || <center>ʔaʂetenon</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| The imperfective past tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
|
| |
| =====Perfective past tense=====
| |
| The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense. The augment and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākol</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkol</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱāker</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəker</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākət́</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkət́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱāk</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniək</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākolon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkolon</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākeron</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkeron</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔameḱākət́on</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkət́on</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔameḱākon</center> || <center>ʔaʂeteniəkon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
|
| |
| =====Imperfective future tense=====
| |
| The '''imperfective future''' is the only compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ʔəɳəme, ''to be'', with the imperfective present infinitive form of the conjugated verb, placed at the end of the clause:
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>māḱekəme</small>''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''<small>ʂetenəme</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳol māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳol ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳer māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳer ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳət́ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳət́ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳ māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳ ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳolon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳolon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳeron māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳeron ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ʔəɳət́on māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳət́on ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>ʔəɳon māḱekəme</center> || <center>ʔəɳon ʂetenəme</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| The verb ʔəɳəme, in its non-auxiliary function, does not usually display any long form in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person. As an auxiliary it may build the long form according to its adjoining verb.
| |
|
| |
| The imperfective future tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the future.
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Subjunctive mood==== | | ====Subjunctive mood==== |
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verbs: märose, to see (1st conjugation), pöħuse, to establish (2nd conjugation), giɕëse, to pretend (3rd conjugation), hëhɑse, to happen, to occur (4th conjugation), pɑse, to shine (5th conjugation).
Each conjugation features a typical identifying thematic vowel, which, however, do not recur in the different tenses:
| 1st conjugation: |
-o-
|
| 2nd conjugation: |
-u-
|
| 3rd conjugation: |
-ë-
|
| 4th conjugation: |
-ɑ-
|
| 5th conjugation: |
-
|
The fifth conjugation is regarded as inherently irregular and features no typical thematic vowel. All verbs belonging to this conjugation are irregularly conjugated. The following example for this conjugation is only for illustrative purpose and cannot be taken as a proper conjugation template.
Indicative mood
Present tense
The present tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-ü- |
-ü- |
-y- |
-y- |
(various)
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märüm |
pöħüm |
giɕym |
hëhym |
pöm
|
| 2nd sing. |
märüd |
pöħüd |
giɕyd |
hëhyd |
pöd
|
| 3rd sing. |
märüg |
pöħüg |
giɕyg |
hëhyg |
pög
|
| 1st plur. |
märümy |
pöħümy |
giɕymy |
hëhymy |
pömy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märüdy |
pöħüdy |
giɕydy |
hëhydy |
pödy
|
| 3rd plur. |
märügy |
pöħügy |
giɕygy |
hëhygy |
pögy
|
Imperfect tense
The imperfect tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-o- |
-o- |
-ë- |
-ɑ- |
(various)
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märom |
pöħom |
giɕëm |
hëhɑm |
pɑm
|
| 2nd sing. |
märod |
pöħod |
giɕëd |
hëhɑd |
pɑd
|
| 3rd sing. |
märog |
pöħog |
giɕëg |
hëhɑg |
pɑg
|
| 1st plur. |
märomy |
pöħomy |
giɕëmy |
hëhɑmy |
pɑmy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märody |
pöħody |
giɕëdy |
hëhɑdy |
pɑdy
|
| 3rd plur. |
märogy |
pöħogy |
giɕëgy |
hëhɑgy |
pɑgy
|
Past tense
The past tense features the following tense vocalic suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
|
-ɑ- |
-ë- |
-ä- |
-ü- |
(various)
|
The personal endings are added to the vocalic tense suffixes:
|
1st conjug. |
2nd conjug. |
3rd conjug. |
4th conjug. |
5th conjug.
|
| 1st sing. |
märɑm |
pöħëm |
giɕäm |
hëhüm |
pam
|
| 2nd sing. |
märɑd |
pöħëd |
giɕäd |
hëhüd |
pad
|
| 3rd sing. |
märɑg |
pöħëg |
giɕäg |
hëhüg |
pag
|
| 1st plur. |
märɑmy |
pöħëmy |
giɕämy |
hëhümy |
pamy
|
| 2nd plur. |
märɑdy |
pöħëdy |
giɕädy |
hëhüdy |
pady
|
| 3rd plur. |
märɑgy |
pöħëgy |
giɕägy |
hëhügy |
pagy
|
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
The subjunctive widely features the infix -iəɳ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
|
imperfective present
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
māḱekiəɳol |
ʂeteniəɳol
|
| 2nd sing. |
māḱekiəɳer |
ʂeteniəɳer
|
| 3rd sing. |
māḱekiəɳət́ |
ʂeteniəɳət́
|
| māḱekiəɳ |
ʂeteniəɳ
|
| 1st plur. |
māḱekiəɳolon |
ʂeteniəɳolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
māḱekiəɳeron |
ʂeteniəɳeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
māḱekiəɳət́on |
ʂeteniəɳət́on
|
| māḱekiəɳon |
ʂeteniəɳon
|
|
perfective present/future
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
meḱākiəɳol |
ʂeteniəkiəɳol
|
| 2nd sing. |
meḱākiəɳer |
ʂeteniəkiəɳer
|
| 3rd sing. |
meḱākiəɳət́ |
ʂeteniəkiəɳət́
|
| meḱākiəɳ |
ʂeteniəkiəɳ
|
| 1st plur. |
meḱākiəɳolon |
ʂeteniəkiəɳolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
meḱākiəɳeron |
ʂeteniəkiəɳeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
meḱākiəɳət́on |
ʂeteniəkiəɳət́on
|
| meḱākiəɳon |
ʂeteniəkiəɳon
|
|
imperfective past
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔamāḱekiəɳol |
ʔaʂeteniəɳol
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔamāḱekiəɳer |
ʔaʂeteniəɳer
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔamāḱekiəɳət́ |
ʔaʂeteniəɳət́
|
| ʔamāḱekiəɳ |
ʔaʂeteniəɳ
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔamāḱekiəɳolon |
ʔaʂeteniəɳolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔamāḱekiəɳeron |
ʔaʂeteniəɳeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔamāḱekiəɳət́on |
ʔaʂeteniəɳət́on
|
| ʔamāḱekiəɳon |
ʔaʂeteniəɳon
|
|
perfective past
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔameḱākiəɳol |
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳol
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔameḱākiəɳer |
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳer
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔameḱākiəɳət́ |
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́
|
| ʔameḱākiəɳ |
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳ
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔameḱākiəɳolon |
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔameḱākiəɳeron |
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔameḱākiəɳət́on |
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳət́on
|
| ʔameḱākiəɳon |
ʔaʂeteniəkiəɳon
|
|
imperfective future
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔəɳiəɳol māḱekəme |
ʔəɳiəɳol ʂetenəme
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔəɳiəɳer māḱekəme |
ʔəɳiəɳer ʂetenəme
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔəɳiəɳət́ māḱekəme |
ʔəɳiəɳət́ ʂetenəme
|
| ʔəɳiəɳ māḱekəme |
ʔəɳiəɳ ʂetenəme
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔəɳiəɳolon māḱekəme |
ʔəɳiəɳolon ʂetenəme
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔəɳiəɳeron māḱekəme |
ʔəɳiəɳeron ʂetenəme
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔəɳiəɳət́on māḱekəme |
ʔəɳiəɳət́on ʂetenəme
|
| ʔəɳiəɳon māḱekəme |
ʔəɳiəɳon ʂetenəme
|
The subjunctive forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to convey wish, desire and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
The subjunctive widely features the infix -oṕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. In the imperfective future tense, the infix is placed on the auxiliary verb.
|
imperfective present
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
māḱekoṕol |
ʂetenoṕol
|
| 2nd sing. |
māḱekoṕer |
ʂetenoṕer
|
| 3rd sing. |
māḱekoṕət́ |
ʂetenoṕət́
|
| māḱekoṕ |
ʂetenoṕ
|
| 1st plur. |
māḱekoṕolon |
ʂetenoṕolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
māḱekoṕeron |
ʂetenoṕeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
māḱekoṕət́on |
ʂetenoṕət́on
|
| māḱekoṕon |
ʂetenoṕon
|
|
perfective present/future
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
meḱākoṕol |
ʂeteniəkoṕol
|
| 2nd sing. |
meḱākoṕer |
ʂeteniəkoṕer
|
| 3rd sing. |
meḱākoṕət́ |
ʂeteniəkoṕət́
|
| meḱākoṕ |
ʂeteniəkoṕ
|
| 1st plur. |
meḱākoṕolon |
ʂeteniəkoṕolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
meḱākoṕeron |
ʂeteniəkoṕeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
meḱākoṕət́on |
ʂeteniəkoṕət́on
|
| meḱākoṕon |
ʂeteniəkoṕon
|
|
imperfective past
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔamāḱekoṕol |
ʔaʂetenoṕol
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔamāḱekoṕer |
ʔaʂetenoṕer
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔamāḱekoṕət́ |
ʔaʂetenoṕət́
|
| ʔamāḱekoṕ |
ʔaʂetenoṕ
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔamāḱekoṕolon |
ʔaʂetenoṕolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔamāḱekoṕeron |
ʔaʂetenoṕeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔamāḱekoṕət́on |
ʔaʂetenoṕət́on
|
| ʔamāḱekoṕon |
ʔaʂetenoṕon
|
|
perfective past
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔameḱākoṕol |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕol
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔameḱākoṕer |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕer
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔameḱākoṕət́ |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́
|
| ʔameḱākoṕ |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕ
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔameḱākoṕolon |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕolon
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔameḱākoṕeron |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕeron
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔameḱākoṕət́on |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕət́on
|
| ʔameḱākoṕon |
ʔaʂeteniəkoṕon
|
|
imperfective future
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| 1st sing. |
ʔəɳoṕol māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕol ʂetenəme
|
| 2nd sing. |
ʔəɳoṕer māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕer ʂetenəme
|
| 3rd sing. |
ʔəɳoṕət́ māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕət́ ʂetenəme
|
| ʔəɳoṕ māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕ ʂetenəme
|
| 1st plur. |
ʔəɳoṕolon māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕolon ʂetenəme
|
| 2nd plur. |
ʔəɳoṕeron māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕeron ʂetenəme
|
| 3rd plur. |
ʔəɳoṕət́on māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕət́on ʂetenəme
|
| ʔəɳoṕon māḱekəme |
ʔəɳoṕon ʂetenəme
|
The conditional forms display the same irregularities as their indicative counterparts and follow the same rules.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It is marked by the ending -əme. It distinguishes four forms
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| imperfective present |
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| imperfective past |
ʔamāḱekəme |
ʔaʂetenəme
|
| perfective present |
meḱākəme |
ʂeteniəkəme
|
| perfective past |
ʔameḱākəme |
ʔaʂeteniəkəme
|
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a class II noun.
Participle
There are two participial forms, the active participle and the passive participle. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such, while also displaying four forms, differing in aspect and tense.
The active participle is formed through the ending -īto, while the passive participle through the ending -əwkiə:
|
active participle
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| imperfective present |
māḱekīto |
ʂetenīto
|
| imperfective past |
ʔamāḱekīto |
ʔaʂetenīto
|
| perfective present |
meḱākīto |
ʂeteniəkīto
|
| perfective past |
ʔameḱākīto |
ʔaʂeteniəkīto
|
|
passive participle
|
|
māḱekəme |
ʂetenəme
|
| imperfective present |
māḱekəwkiə |
ʂetenəwkiə
|
| imperfective past |
ʔamāḱekəwkiə |
ʔaʂetenəwkiə
|
| perfective present |
meḱākəwkiə |
ʂeteniəkəwkiə
|
| perfective past |
ʔameḱākəwkiə |
ʔaʂeteniəkəwkiə
|
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
Both participial forms are widely used in relative clauses building.
