User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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  <small>to see → I might see</small>
  <small>to see → I might see</small>


======Imperfective present tense======
The '''imperfective present''' is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:


======Present tense======
The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the present root:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕü</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕü</center> || <center>pürüćäɕü</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕir</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕir</center> || <center>pürüćäɕir</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsir</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕäh</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕ</center> || <center>pürüćäɕ</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛts</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕunü</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕunü</center> || <center>pürüćäɕunü</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕunir</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕunir</center> || <center>pürüćäɕunir</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhir</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕäd́äɕuńäh</center> || <center>xixeh́äɕun</center> || <center>pürüćäɕun</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwh</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsü</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsür</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsün</center>
|}
|}


Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.
The potential infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
 
======Perfective future tense======
The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:


======Past tense======
The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the past root:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕü</center> || <center>xexih́äɕü</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕü</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕir</center> || <center>xexih́äɕir</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕir</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕäh</center> || <center>xexih́äɕ</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕ</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕunü</center> || <center>xexih́äɕunü</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕunü</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsir</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕunir</center> || <center>xexih́äɕunir</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕunir</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕod́äɕuńäh</center> || <center>xexih́äɕun</center> || <center>pürüciǵäɕun</center>
|}
 
Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.
 
======Present continuous tense======
The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛts</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücīdə</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwhū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücīdə</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwňiwhir</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhir</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xixehīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücīdə</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsiwcɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwh</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü  moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü  xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü  pürücīdənə</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsü</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsü</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücīdənə</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsür</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsür</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücīdənə</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsünjɛc</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsün</center>
|}
|}


This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.  
The potential infix merges with the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.


The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
======Imperfective future tense======
The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:


======Past continuous tense======
The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücīdə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücīdə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücīdə</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücīdənə</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücīdənə</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçir</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücīdənə</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwčɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwç</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
 
======Perfect tense======
The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücigīdə</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhir</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhir</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücigīdə</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwcɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwh</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xexihīdə</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücigīdə</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçü</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçü</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçür</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçür</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçünjɛc</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçün</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücigīdənə</center>
|}
|}


This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.  
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> singular person ending.


The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
======Imperfective past tense======
The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.


======Pluperfect tense======
The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücigīdə</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücigīdə</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücigīdə</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücigīdənə</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
 
The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
 
======Future tense======
The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xixehühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū</center>
|}
|}


This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.


The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
======Perfective past tense======
The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). TThe potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.


======Anterior future tense======
The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕü pürücigühä</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕir pürücigühä</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕ mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕ pürücigühä</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunü pürücigühä</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕunir pürücigühä</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cäńäɕun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun xexihühä</center> || <center>cäńäɕun pürücigühä</center>
|}
 
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
 
The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
 
======Future in the past tense======
The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕü pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕir pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕ moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕ pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunü pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕunir pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcäńäɕun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcäńäɕun pürücühä</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū</center> || <center>xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū</center>
|}
|}


This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.


The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.


=====Non-finite forms=====
=====Non-finite forms=====

Revision as of 01:41, 24 June 2025

Conjugation of regular verbs

Sample verbs: as a class I verb, mōtsɛdiwgɛ, to pick up, to collect, as a class II verb, xiṡɛɣiwgɛ, to fall.

Active diathesis

Indicative mood
Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdū
xiṡɛɣū
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdir
xiṡɛɣir
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdjɛc
xiṡɛg
1st dual
mōtsɛdiwhū
xiṡɛɣiwhū
2nd dual
mōtsɛdiwhir
xiṡɛɣiwhir
3rd dual
mōtsɛdiwcɛc
xiṡɛɣiwh
1st plur.
mōtsɛdü
xiṡɛɣü
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdür
xiṡɛɣür
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdünjɛc
xiṡɛɣün

In the 3rd singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-jɛc or null ending, irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mɛtsōdū
xɛṡiɣū
2nd sing.
mɛtsōdir
xɛṡiɣir
3rd sing.
mɛtsōdjɛc
xɛṡig
1st dual
mɛtsōdiwhū
xɛṡiɣiwhū
2nd dual
mɛtsōdiwhir
xɛṡiɣiwhir
3rd dual
mɛtsōdiwcɛc
xɛṡiɣiwh
1st plur.
mɛtsōdü
xɛṡiɣü
2nd plur.
mɛtsōdür
xɛṡiɣür
3rd plur.
mmɛtsōdünjɛc
xɛṡiɣün

In the 3rd singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-jɛc or null ending, irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdiwçū
xiṡɛɣiwçū
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdiwçir
xiṡɛɣiwçir
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdiwčɛc
xiṡɛɣiwç
1st dual
mōtsɛdiwçiwhū
xiṡɛɣiwçiwhū
2nd dual
mōtsɛdiwçiwhir
xiṡɛɣiwçiwhir
3rd dual
mōtsɛdiwçiwcɛc
xiṡɛɣiwçiwh
1st plur.
mōtsɛdiwçü
xiṡɛɣiwçü
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdiwçür
xiṡɛɣiwçür
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdiwçünjɛc
xiṡɛɣiwçün

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3rd singular person ending.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -īdu is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdīdu
xiṡɛɣīdu
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdīdu
xiṡɛɣīdu
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdīdu
xiṡɛɣīdu
1st dual
mōtsɛdīduhiw
xiṡɛɣīduhiw
2nd dual
mōtsɛdīduhiw
xiṡɛɣīduhiw
3rd dual
mōtsɛdīduhiw
xiṡɛɣīduhiw
1st plur.
mōtsɛdīdū
xiṡɛɣīdū
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdīdū
xiṡɛɣīdū
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdīdū
xiṡɛɣīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -īdu is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

class I
class II
1st sing.
mɛtsōdīdu
xɛṡiɣīdu
2nd sing.
mɛtsōdīdu
xɛṡiɣīdu
3rd sing.
mɛtsōdīdu
xɛṡiɣīdu
1st dual
mɛtsōdīduhiw
xɛṡiɣīduhiw
2nd dual
mɛtsōdīduhiw
xɛṡiɣīduhiw
3rd dual
mɛtsōdīduhiw
xɛṡiɣīduhiw
1st plur.
mɛtsōdīdū
xɛṡiɣīdū
2nd plur.
mɛtsōdīdū
xɛṡiɣīdū
3rd plur.
mɛtsōdīdū
xɛṡiɣīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.

Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdiwňū
xiṡɛɣiwňū
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdiwňir
xiṡɛɣiwňir
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdiwňɛc
xiṡɛɣiwň
1st dual
mōtsɛdiwňiwhū
xiṡɛɣiwňiwhū
2nd dual
mōtsɛdiwňiwňiwhir
xiṡɛɣiwňiwhir
3rd dual
mōtsɛdiwňiwcɛc
xiṡɛɣiwňiwh
1st plur.
mōtsɛdiwňü
xiṡɛɣiwňü
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdiwňür
xiṡɛɣiwňür
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdiwňünjɛc
xiṡɛɣiwňün

The subjunctive infix merges with the 3rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mɛtsōdiwňū
xɛṡiɣiwňū
2nd sing.
mɛtsōdiwňir
xɛṡiɣiwňir
3rd sing.
mɛtsōdiwňɛc
xɛṡiɣiwň
1st dual
mɛtsōdiwňiwhū
xɛṡiɣiwňiwhū
2nd dual
mɛtsōdiwňiwňiwhir
xɛṡiɣiwňiwhir
3rd dual
mɛtsōdiwňiwcɛc
xɛṡiɣiwňiwh
1st plur.
mɛtsōdiwňü
xɛṡiɣiwňü
2nd plur.
mɛtsōdiwňür
xɛṡiɣiwňür
3rd plur.
mɛtsōdiwňünjɛc
xɛṡiɣiwňün

The subjunctive infix merges with the 3rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The subjunctive infix -iwň-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdiwňiwçū
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçū
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdiwňiwçir
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçir
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdiwňiwčɛc
xiṡɛɣiwňiwç
1st dual
mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwhū
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwhū
2nd dual
mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwhir
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwhir
3rd dual
mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwcɛc
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwh
1st plur.
mōtsɛdiwňiwçü
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçü
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdiwňiwçür
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçür
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdiwňiwçünjɛc
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçün

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3rd singular person ending.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The subjunctive infix -iwň- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdiwňīdu
xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdiwňīdu
xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdiwňīdu
xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
1st dual
mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw
xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
2nd dual
mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw
xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
3rd dual
mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw
xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
1st plur.
mōtsɛdiwňīdū
xiṡɛɣiwňīdū
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdiwňīdū
xiṡɛɣiwňīdū
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdiwňīdū
xiṡɛɣiwňīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). TThe subjunctive infix -iwň- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

class I
class II
1st sing.
mɛtsōdiwňīdu
xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
2nd sing.
mɛtsōdiwňīdu
xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
3rd sing.
mɛtsōdiwňīdu
xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
1st dual
mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw
xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
2nd dual
mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw
xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
3rd dual
mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw
xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
1st plur.
mɛtsōdiwňīdū
xɛṡiɣiwňīdū
2nd plur.
mɛtsōdiwňīdū
xɛṡiɣiwňīdū
3rd plur.
mɛtsōdiwňīdū
xɛṡiɣiwňīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.

The potential widely features the infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix displays two possible forms, -jɛts- or -jɛts-. The latter form is used after some consonants, palatalizing them, or is used after already palatalized consonants, without any further effect. 

djumɛliwgɛ → djumɛʝɛtsū
to drink → I might drink

lilužiwgɛ → līlužɛtsū
to see → I might see
Imperfective present tense

The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdjɛtsū
xiṡɛɣjɛtsū
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdjɛtsir
xiṡɛɣjɛtsir
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdjɛcɛc
xiṡɛɣjɛts
1st dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwhū
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhū
2nd dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwňiwhir
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwhir
3rd dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwcɛc
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwh
1st plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsü
xiṡɛɣjɛtsü
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsür
xiṡɛɣjɛtsür
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsünjɛc
xiṡɛɣjɛtsün

The potential infix merges with the 3rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.

Perfective future tense

The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mɛtsōdjɛtsū
xɛṡiɣjɛtsū
2nd sing.
mɛtsōdjɛtsir
xɛṡiɣjɛtsir
3rd sing.
mɛtsōdjɛcɛc
xɛṡiɣjɛts
1st dual
mɛtsōdjɛtsiwhū
xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhū
2nd dual
mɛtsōdjɛtsiwňiwhir
xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwhir
3rd dual
mɛtsōdjɛtsiwcɛc
xɛṡiɣjɛtsiwh
1st plur.
mɛtsōdjɛtsü
xɛṡiɣjɛtsü
2nd plur.
mɛtsōdjɛtsür
xɛṡiɣjɛtsür
3rd plur.
mɛtsōdjɛtsünjɛc
xɛṡiɣjɛtsün

The potential infix merges with the 3rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -jɛcɛc. The 3rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.

Imperfective future tense

The imperfective future is a simple tense. The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçū
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçū
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçir
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçir
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwčɛc
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwç
1st dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhū
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhū
2nd dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwhir
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwhir
3rd dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçiwcɛc
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçiwh
1st plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçü
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçü
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçür
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçür
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsiwçünjɛc
xiṡɛɣjɛtsiwçün

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3rd singular person ending.

Imperfective past tense

The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

class I
class II
1st sing.
mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu
2nd sing.
mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu
3rd sing.
mōtsɛdjɛtsīdu
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdu
1st dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw
2nd dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw
3rd dual
mōtsɛdjɛtsīduhiw
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīduhiw
1st plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū
2nd plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū
3rd plur.
mōtsɛdjɛtsīdū
xiṡɛɣjɛtsīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

Perfective past tense

The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). TThe potential infix -jɛts-/-́ɛts- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.

class I
class II
1st sing.
mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu
2nd sing.
mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu
3rd sing.
mɛtsōdjɛtsīdu
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdu
1st dual
mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw
2nd dual
mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw
3rd dual
mɛtsōdjɛtsīduhiw
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīduhiw
1st plur.
mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū
2nd plur.
mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū
3rd plur.
mɛtsōdjɛtsīdū
xɛṡiɣjɛtsīdū

As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.

The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the past root. It is marked by the ending -ühä.

class I
class II
class IIg
present
moɕädühä
xixehühä
pürücühä
past
mäɕodühä
xexihühä
pürücigühä

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined also in the plural number in this function. In this function it is also usually adjoined by the articles. 

äs xemunühä
the food
Participle

There are two participial forms, the active participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such.

The active participle is formed through the ending -īdə, added to both roots.

class I
class II
class IIg
present
moɕädīdə
xixehīdə
pürücīdə
past
mäɕodīdə
xexihīdə
pürücigīdə

The passive participle is formed through the ending -́uhi, added to both roots.

class I
class II
class IIg
present
moɕäd́uhi
xixeh́uhi
pürüćuhi
past
mäɕod́uhi
xexih́uhi
pürüciǵuhi

Irregularities tend to occur often in the forms of the passive particles, since the ending -́uhi systematically palatalizes all preceding consonants, which have a palatalized counterpart. This makes the potential one of the richest moods in irregularities.

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is sometimes used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is widely used both in the verbal conjugation to build the passive forms and as an adjective. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.

Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article. 

äs mäɕod́uhi
the harvest

Passive diathesis

The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb cänühä, to be with the various forms of the passive participle.

The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense. The passive particles always agree with the clause subject in number.

Indicative mood
Tense
Construction
present indicative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past indicative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect indicative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect indicative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future indicative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future indicative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past indicative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense
Example
present cänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past häcänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect cänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect häcänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future cänü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future cänü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past häcänü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
Subjunctive mood
Tense
Construction
present subjunctive present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past subjunctive past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect subjunctive present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect subjunctive past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future subjunctive future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future subjunctive future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past subjunctive future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense
Example
present cänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past häcänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect cänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect häcänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future cänünü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future cänünü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past häcänünü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
Optative mood
Tense
Construction
present optative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past optative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect optative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect optative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future optative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future optative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past optative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense
Example
present cänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past häcänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect cänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect häcänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future cänusü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future cänusü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past häcänusü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
Potential mood
Tense
Construction
present potential present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
past potential past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
perfect potential present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
plusperfect potential past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future potential future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
anterior future potential future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
future in the past potential future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):

Tense
Example
present cäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
past häcäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
perfect cäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
plusperfect häcäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
future cäńäɕü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
anterior future cäńäɕü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
future in the past häcäńäɕü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
Infinitive mood
Tense
Construction
present infinitive form of cänühä + present passive participle
past infinitive form of cänühä + past passive participle

Examples (only the infinitival forms of the verb moɕädühä are shown):

Tense
Example
present cänühä moɕäd́uhi
past cänühä mäɕod́uhi
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