|
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| Line 294: |
Line 294: |
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| |
|
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root. | | The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root. |
|
| |
| =====Optative mood=====
| |
| The '''optative''' mood is used to convey wish and desire. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
| |
|
| |
| The optative widely features the infix -us-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
| |
|
| |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusü</center> || <center>xixehusü</center> || <center>pürücusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusir</center> || <center>xixehusir</center> || <center>pürücusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>moɕäduśäh</center> || <center>xixehus</center> || <center>pürücus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunü</center> || <center>xixehusunü</center> || <center>pürücusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusunir</center> || <center>xixehusunir</center> || <center>pürücusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>moɕädusuńäh</center> || <center>xixehusun</center> || <center>pürücusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.
| |
|
| |
| ======Past tense======
| |
| The '''past''' is a simple tense. The infix -us- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusü</center> || <center>xexihusü</center> || <center>pürücigusü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusir</center> || <center>xexihusir</center> || <center>pürücigusir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mäɕoduśäh</center> || <center>xexihus</center> || <center>pürücigus</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunü</center> || <center>xexihusunü</center> || <center>pürücigusunü</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusunir</center> || <center>xexihusunir</center> || <center>pürücigusunir</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mäɕodusuńäh</center> || <center>xexihusun</center> || <center>pürücigusun</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, in the classes II and IIg irregularities never occur, while in the class I, the ending palatalizes the optative infix into -uś-.
| |
|
| |
| ======Present continuous tense======
| |
| The '''present countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>cänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
|
| |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
| ======Past continuous tense======
| |
| The '''past countinuous''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xixehīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
|
| |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
| ======Perfect tense======
| |
| The '''perfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>cänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>cänus pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
|
| |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
| ======Pluperfect tense======
| |
| The '''pluperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus mäɕodīdə</center> || <center>häcänus xexihīdə</center> || <center>häcänus pürücigīdə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun mäɕodīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun xexihīdənə</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücigīdənə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
|
| |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänus xixehühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>cänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
|
| |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative present forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänusir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cänus mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänus xexihühä</center> || <center>cänus pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunü mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunü xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunü pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusunir mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusunir xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusunir pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cänusun mäɕodühä</center> || <center>cänusun xexihühä</center> || <center>cänusun pürücigühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
|
| |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the optative past forms of the verb cänühä, ''to be'', with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class I''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class II''</center> || style="width: 200px;"| <center>''class IIg''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänusir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>häcänus moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänus xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänus pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunü moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunü pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusunir moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusunir pürücühä</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>häcänusun moɕädühä</center> || <center>häcänusun xixehühä</center> || <center>häcänusun pürücühä</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
|
| |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</sup></small> person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, ''essere'', displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Potential mood===== | | =====Potential mood===== |
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verbs: as a class I verb, mōtsɛdiwgɛ, to pick up, to collect, as a class II verb, xiṡɛɣiwgɛ, to fall.
Active diathesis
Indicative mood
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mōtsɛdū |
xiṡɛɣū
|
| 2nd sing. |
mōtsɛdir |
xiṡɛɣir
|
| 3rd sing. |
mōtsɛdjɛc |
xiṡɛg
|
| 1st dual |
mōtsɛdiwhū |
xiṡɛɣiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
mōtsɛdiwhir |
xiṡɛɣiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
mōtsɛdiwcɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
mōtsɛdü |
xiṡɛɣü
|
| 2nd plur. |
mōtsɛdür |
xiṡɛɣür
|
| 3rd plur. |
mōtsɛdünjɛc |
xiṡɛɣün
|
In the 3rd singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-jɛc or null ending, irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.
Perfective future tense
The perfective future is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the perfective root:
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mɛtsōdū |
xɛṡiɣū
|
| 2nd sing. |
mɛtsōdir |
xɛṡiɣir
|
| 3rd sing. |
mɛtsōdjɛc |
xɛṡig
|
| 1st dual |
mɛtsōdiwhū |
xɛṡiɣiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
mɛtsōdiwhir |
xɛṡiɣiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
mɛtsōdiwcɛc |
xɛṡiɣiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
mɛtsōdü |
xɛṡiɣü
|
| 2nd plur. |
mɛtsōdür |
xɛṡiɣür
|
| 3rd plur. |
mmɛtsōdünjɛc |
xɛṡiɣün
|
In the 3rd singular person, which features the ending -jɛc/-jɛc or null ending, irregularities may often occur, including palatalization or alteration of the last root consonant.
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mōtsɛdiwçū |
xiṡɛɣiwçū
|
| 2nd sing. |
mōtsɛdiwçir |
xiṡɛɣiwçir
|
| 3rd sing. |
mōtsɛdiwčɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwç
|
| 1st dual |
mōtsɛdiwçiwhū |
xiṡɛɣiwçiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
mōtsɛdiwçiwhir |
xiṡɛɣiwçiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
mōtsɛdiwçiwcɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwçiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
mōtsɛdiwçü |
xiṡɛɣiwçü
|
| 2nd plur. |
mōtsɛdiwçür |
xiṡɛɣiwçür
|
| 3rd plur. |
mōtsɛdiwçünjɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwçün
|
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3rd singular person ending.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -īdu is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mōtsɛdīdu |
xiṡɛɣīdu
|
| 2nd sing. |
mōtsɛdīdu |
xiṡɛɣīdu
|
| 3rd sing. |
mōtsɛdīdu |
xiṡɛɣīdu
|
| 1st dual |
mōtsɛdīduhiw |
xiṡɛɣīduhiw
|
| 2nd dual |
mōtsɛdīduhiw |
xiṡɛɣīduhiw
|
| 3rd dual |
mōtsɛdīduhiw |
xiṡɛɣīduhiw
|
| 1st plur. |
mōtsɛdīdū |
xiṡɛɣīdū
|
| 2nd plur. |
mōtsɛdīdū |
xiṡɛɣīdū
|
| 3rd plur. |
mōtsɛdīdū |
xiṡɛɣīdū
|
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -īdu is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mɛtsōdīdu |
xɛṡiɣīdu
|
| 2nd sing. |
mɛtsōdīdu |
xɛṡiɣīdu
|
| 3rd sing. |
mɛtsōdīdu |
xɛṡiɣīdu
|
| 1st dual |
mɛtsōdīduhiw |
xɛṡiɣīduhiw
|
| 2nd dual |
mɛtsōdīduhiw |
xɛṡiɣīduhiw
|
| 3rd dual |
mɛtsōdīduhiw |
xɛṡiɣīduhiw
|
| 1st plur. |
mɛtsōdīdū |
xɛṡiɣīdū
|
| 2nd plur. |
mɛtsōdīdū |
xɛṡiɣīdū
|
| 3rd plur. |
mɛtsōdīdū |
xɛṡiɣīdū
|
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructions. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative an exhortative form.
The subjunctive widely features the infix -iwň-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňū |
xiṡɛɣiwňū
|
| 2nd sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňir |
xiṡɛɣiwňir
|
| 3rd sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwň
|
| 1st dual |
mōtsɛdiwňiwhū |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
mōtsɛdiwňiwňiwhir |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
mōtsɛdiwňiwcɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňü |
xiṡɛɣiwňü
|
| 2nd plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňür |
xiṡɛɣiwňür
|
| 3rd plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňünjɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwňün
|
The subjunctive infix merges with the 3rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
Perfective future tense
The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -iwň- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mɛtsōdiwňū |
xɛṡiɣiwňū
|
| 2nd sing. |
mɛtsōdiwňir |
xɛṡiɣiwňir
|
| 3rd sing. |
mɛtsōdiwňɛc |
xɛṡiɣiwň
|
| 1st dual |
mɛtsōdiwňiwhū |
xɛṡiɣiwňiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
mɛtsōdiwňiwňiwhir |
xɛṡiɣiwňiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
mɛtsōdiwňiwcɛc |
xɛṡiɣiwňiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
mɛtsōdiwňü |
xɛṡiɣiwňü
|
| 2nd plur. |
mɛtsōdiwňür |
xɛṡiɣiwňür
|
| 3rd plur. |
mɛtsōdiwňünjɛc |
xɛṡiɣiwňün
|
The subjunctive infix merges with the 3rd singular person ending in class I, turning into -iwňɛc. The 3rd singular person ending in class II is generally regular. No other irregularities usually occur.
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is a simple tense. The subjunctive infix -iwň-, the infix -iwç- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňiwçū |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçū
|
| 2nd sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňiwçir |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçir
|
| 3rd sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňiwčɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwç
|
| 1st dual |
mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwhū |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwhū
|
| 2nd dual |
mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwhir |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwhir
|
| 3rd dual |
mōtsɛdiwňiwçiwcɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçiwh
|
| 1st plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňiwçü |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçü
|
| 2nd plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňiwçür |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçür
|
| 3rd plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňiwçünjɛc |
xiṡɛɣiwňiwçün
|
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only slight irregularity the merging of the infix with the 3rd singular person ending.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The subjunctive infix -iwň- and the suffix -īdu are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňīdu |
xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
|
| 2nd sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňīdu |
xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
|
| 3rd sing. |
mōtsɛdiwňīdu |
xiṡɛɣiwňīdu
|
| 1st dual |
mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw |
xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
|
| 2nd dual |
mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw |
xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
|
| 3rd dual |
mōtsɛdiwňīduhiw |
xiṡɛɣiwňīduhiw
|
| 1st plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňīdū |
xiṡɛɣiwňīdū
|
| 2nd plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňīdū |
xiṡɛɣiwňīdū
|
| 3rd plur. |
mōtsɛdiwňīdū |
xiṡɛɣiwňīdū
|
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). TThe subjunctive infix -iwň- and the suffix -īdu are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person) through the morphemes of the nominal/adjectival declension.
|
class I |
class II
|
| 1st sing. |
mɛtsōdiwňīdu |
xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
|
| 2nd sing. |
mɛtsōdiwňīdu |
xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
|
| 3rd sing. |
mɛtsōdiwňīdu |
xɛṡiɣiwňīdu
|
| 1st dual |
mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw |
xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
|
| 2nd dual |
mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw |
xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
|
| 3rd dual |
mɛtsōdiwňīduhiw |
xɛṡiɣiwňīduhiw
|
| 1st plur. |
mɛtsōdiwňīdū |
xɛṡiɣiwňīdū
|
| 2nd plur. |
mɛtsōdiwňīdū |
xɛṡiɣiwňīdū
|
| 3rd plur. |
mɛtsōdiwňīdū |
xɛṡiɣiwňīdū
|
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Potential mood
The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
The potential widely features the infix -äɕ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. This infix can cause irregularities, because it palatalizes every consonant, which has a palatalized counteparts. This makes the potential the richest mood in irregularities.
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the present root:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
moɕäd́äɕü |
xixeh́äɕü |
pürüćäɕü
|
| 2nd sing. |
moɕäd́äɕir |
xixeh́äɕir |
pürüćäɕir
|
| 3rd sing. |
moɕäd́äɕäh |
xixeh́äɕ |
pürüćäɕ
|
| 1st plur. |
moɕäd́äɕunü |
xixeh́äɕunü |
pürüćäɕunü
|
| 2nd plur. |
moɕäd́äɕunir |
xixeh́äɕunir |
pürüćäɕunir
|
| 3rd plur. |
moɕäd́äɕuńäh |
xixeh́äɕun |
pürüćäɕun
|
Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3rd singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.
Past tense
The past is a simple tense. The infix -äɕ-, which often palatalizes the last consonant of the root, and the personal endings are added to the past root:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
mäɕod́äɕü |
xexih́äɕü |
pürüciǵäɕü
|
| 2nd sing. |
mäɕod́äɕir |
xexih́äɕir |
pürüciǵäɕir
|
| 3rd sing. |
mäɕod́äɕäh |
xexih́äɕ |
pürüciǵäɕ
|
| 1st plur. |
mäɕod́äɕunü |
xexih́äɕunü |
pürüciǵäɕunü
|
| 2nd plur. |
mäɕod́äɕunir |
xexih́äɕunir |
pürüciǵäɕunir
|
| 3rd plur. |
mäɕod́äɕuńäh |
xexih́äɕun |
pürüciǵäɕun
|
Since the consonant of the potential infix -äɕ- has no palatalized counterpart, in the 3rd singular person the personal endings of the classes can cause no further irregularities.
Present continuous tense
The present countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
cäńäɕü moɕädīdə |
cäńäɕü xixehīdə |
cäńäɕü pürücīdə
|
| 2nd sing. |
cäńäɕir moɕädīdə |
cäńäɕir xixehīdə |
cäńäɕir pürücīdə
|
| 3rd sing. |
cäńäɕ moɕädīdə |
cäńäɕ xixehīdə |
cäńäɕ pürücīdə
|
| 1st plur. |
cäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə |
cäńäɕunü xixehīdənə |
cäńäɕunü pürücīdənə
|
| 2nd plur. |
cäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə |
cäńäɕunir xixehīdənə |
cäńäɕunir pürücīdənə
|
| 3rd plur. |
cäńäɕun moɕädīdənə |
cäńäɕun xixehīdənə |
cäńäɕun pürücīdənə
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The 3rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
Past continuous tense
The past countinuous is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
häcäńäɕü moɕädīdə |
häcäńäɕü xixehīdə |
häcäńäɕü pürücīdə
|
| 2nd sing. |
häcäńäɕir moɕädīdə |
häcäńäɕir xixehīdə |
häcäńäɕir pürücīdə
|
| 3rd sing. |
häcäńäɕ moɕädīdə |
häcäńäɕ xixehīdə |
häcäńäɕ pürücīdə
|
| 1st plur. |
häcäńäɕunü moɕädīdənə |
häcäńäɕunü xixehīdənə |
häcäńäɕunü pürücīdənə
|
| 2nd plur. |
häcäńäɕunir moɕädīdənə |
häcäńäɕunir xixehīdənə |
häcäńäɕunir pürücīdənə
|
| 3rd plur. |
häcäńäɕun moɕädīdənə |
häcäńäɕun xixehīdənə |
häcäńäɕun pürücīdənə
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The 3rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
Perfect tense
The perfect is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
cäńäɕü mäɕodīdə |
cäńäɕü xexihīdə |
cäńäɕü pürücigīdə
|
| 2nd sing. |
cäńäɕir mäɕodīdə |
cäńäɕir xexihīdə |
cäńäɕir pürücigīdə
|
| 3rd sing. |
cäńäɕ mäɕodīdə |
cäńäɕ xexihīdə |
cäńäɕ pürücigīdə
|
| 1st plur. |
cäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə |
cäńäɕunü xexihīdənə |
cäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə
|
| 2nd plur. |
cäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə |
cäńäɕunir xexihīdənə |
cäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə
|
| 3rd plur. |
cäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə |
cäńäɕun xexihīdənə |
cäńäɕun pürücigīdənə
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The 3rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb, agreeing in number with the clause subject:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
häcäńäɕü mäɕodīdə |
häcäńäɕü xexihīdə |
häcäńäɕü pürücigīdə
|
| 2nd sing. |
häcäńäɕir mäɕodīdə |
häcäńäɕir xexihīdə |
häcäńäɕir pürücigīdə
|
| 3rd sing. |
häcäńäɕ mäɕodīdə |
häcäńäɕ xexihīdə |
häcäńäɕ pürücigīdə
|
| 1st plur. |
häcäńäɕunü mäɕodīdənə |
häcäńäɕunü xexihīdənə |
häcäńäɕunü pürücigīdənə
|
| 2nd plur. |
häcäńäɕunir mäɕodīdənə |
häcäńäɕunir xexihīdənə |
häcäńäɕunir pürücigīdənə
|
| 3rd plur. |
häcäńäɕun mäɕodīdənə |
häcäńäɕun xexihīdənə |
häcäńäɕun pürücigīdənə
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The 3rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
Future tense
The future is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
cäńäɕü moɕädühä |
cäńäɕü xixehühä |
cäńäɕü pürücühä
|
| 2nd sing. |
cäńäɕir moɕädühä |
cäńäɕir xixehühä |
cäńäɕir pürücühä
|
| 3rd sing. |
cäńäɕ moɕädühä |
cäńäɕ xixehühä |
cäńäɕ pürücühä
|
| 1st plur. |
cäńäɕunü moɕädühä |
cäńäɕunü xixehühä |
cäńäɕunü pürücühä
|
| 2nd plur. |
cäńäɕunir moɕädühä |
cäńäɕunir xixehühä |
cäńäɕunir pürücühä
|
| 3rd plur. |
cäńäɕun moɕädühä |
cäńäɕun xixehühä |
cäńäɕun pürücühä
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
The 3rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
Anterior future tense
The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the potential present forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active past infinitive of the conjugated verb:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
cäńäɕü mäɕodühä |
cäńäɕü xexihühä |
cäńäɕü pürücigühä
|
| 2nd sing. |
cäńäɕir mäɕodühä |
cäńäɕir xexihühä |
cäńäɕir pürücigühä
|
| 3rd sing. |
cäńäɕ mäɕodühä |
cäńäɕ xexihühä |
cäńäɕ pürücigühä
|
| 1st plur. |
cäńäɕunü mäɕodühä |
cäńäɕunü xexihühä |
cäńäɕunü pürücigühä
|
| 2nd plur. |
cäńäɕunir mäɕodühä |
cäńäɕunir xexihühä |
cäńäɕunir pürücigühä
|
| 3rd plur. |
cäńäɕun mäɕodühä |
cäńäɕun xexihühä |
cäńäɕun pürücigühä
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
The 3rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
Future in the past tense
The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the potential past forms of the verb cänühä, to be, with the active present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| 1st sing. |
häcäńäɕü moɕädühä |
häcäńäɕü xixehühä |
häcäńäɕü pürücühä
|
| 2nd sing. |
häcäńäɕir moɕädühä |
häcäńäɕir xixehühä |
häcäńäɕir pürücühä
|
| 3rd sing. |
häcäńäɕ moɕädühä |
häcäńäɕ xixehühä |
häcäńäɕ pürücühä
|
| 1st plur. |
häcäńäɕunü moɕädühä |
häcäńäɕunü xixehühä |
häcäńäɕunü pürücühä
|
| 2nd plur. |
häcäńäɕunir moɕädühä |
häcäńäɕunir xixehühä |
häcäńäɕunir pürücühä
|
| 3rd plur. |
häcäńäɕun moɕädühä |
häcäńäɕun xixehühä |
häcäńäɕun pürücühä
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
The 3rd person of the auxiliary verb cänühä, essere, displays only the short form, regardless of the class of the conjugated verb.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the past root. It is marked by the ending -ühä.
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| present |
moɕädühä |
xixehühä |
pürücühä
|
| past |
mäɕodühä |
xexihühä |
pürücigühä
|
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined also in the plural number in this function. In this function it is also usually adjoined by the articles.
äs xemunühä
the food
Participle
There are two participial forms, the active participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root. As they are adjectival forms, they are both declined as such.
The active participle is formed through the ending -īdə, added to both roots.
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| present |
moɕädīdə |
xixehīdə |
pürücīdə
|
| past |
mäɕodīdə |
xexihīdə |
pürücigīdə
|
The passive participle is formed through the ending -́uhi, added to both roots.
|
class I |
class II |
class IIg
|
| present |
moɕäd́uhi |
xixeh́uhi |
pürüćuhi
|
| past |
mäɕod́uhi |
xexih́uhi |
pürüciǵuhi
|
Irregularities tend to occur often in the forms of the passive particles, since the ending -́uhi systematically palatalizes all preceding consonants, which have a palatalized counterpart. This makes the potential one of the richest moods in irregularities.
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is sometimes used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.
The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is widely used both in the verbal conjugation to build the passive forms and as an adjective. As an adjectival form it is declined in number, even in its verbal function.
Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.
äs mäɕod́uhi
the harvest
Passive diathesis
The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb cänühä, to be with the various forms of the passive participle.
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. However, the passive diathesis completely lacks any continuous tense. The passive particles always agree with the clause subject in number.
Indicative mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| present |
indicative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| past |
indicative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| perfect |
indicative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| plusperfect |
indicative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| future |
indicative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| anterior future |
indicative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| future in the past |
indicative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):
| Tense |
Example
|
| present |
cänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| past |
häcänü moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| perfect |
cänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| plusperfect |
häcänü mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| future |
cänü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| anterior future |
cänü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| future in the past |
häcänü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
Subjunctive mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| present |
subjunctive present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| past |
subjunctive past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| perfect |
subjunctive present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| plusperfect |
subjunctive past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| future |
subjunctive future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| anterior future |
subjunctive future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| future in the past |
subjunctive future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):
| Tense |
Example
|
| present |
cänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| past |
häcänünü moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| perfect |
cänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| plusperfect |
häcänünü mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| future |
cänünü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| anterior future |
cänünü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| future in the past |
häcänünü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
Optative mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| present |
optative present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| past |
optative past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| perfect |
optative present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| plusperfect |
optative past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| future |
optative future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| anterior future |
optative future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| future in the past |
optative future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):
| Tense |
Example
|
| present |
cänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| past |
häcänusü moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| perfect |
cänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| plusperfect |
häcänusü mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| future |
cänusü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| anterior future |
cänusü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| future in the past |
häcänusü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
Potential mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| present |
potential present forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| past |
potential past forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| perfect |
potential present forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| plusperfect |
potential past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| future |
potential future forms of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| anterior future |
potential future forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
| future in the past |
potential future in the past forms of cänühä + past passive participle
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form of the verb moɕädühä is shown):
| Tense |
Example
|
| present |
cäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| past |
häcäńäɕü moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| perfect |
cäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| plusperfect |
häcäńäɕü mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| future |
cäńäɕü cänühä moɕäd́uhi, ...
|
| anterior future |
cäńäɕü cänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
| future in the past |
häcäńäɕü häcänühä mäɕod́uhi, ...
|
Infinitive mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| present |
infinitive form of cänühä + present passive participle
|
| past |
infinitive form of cänühä + past passive participle
|
Examples (only the infinitival forms of the verb moɕädühä are shown):
| Tense |
Example
|
| present |
cänühä moɕäd́uhi
|
| past |
cänühä mäɕod́uhi
|
