User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | ===Conjugation of regular verbs=== | ||
Sample verbs: as '''class I''' verb, moɕädühä, ''to pick up, to collect'', as '''class II''' verb, xixehühä, ''to fall'', as '''class IIg''' verb, pürücühä, ''to hit'' | Sample verbs: as a '''class I''' verb, moɕädühä, ''to pick up, to collect'', as a '''class II''' verb, xixehühä, ''to fall'', as a '''class IIg''' verb, pürücühä, ''to hit'' | ||
====Active diathesis==== | ====Active diathesis==== | ||
Revision as of 01:29, 23 June 2025
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verbs: as a class I verb, moɕädühä, to pick up, to collect, as a class II verb, xixehühä, to fall, as a class IIg verb, pürücühä, to hit
Active diathesis
Indicative mood
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:
| 1st sing. | |||
| 2nd sing. | |||
| 3rd sing. | |||
| 1st plur. | |||
| 2nd plur. | |||
| 3rd plur. |
In the 3rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like altering the last root consonant:
ləjužəjge → ləjuš to see → he/she/it sees
kojrəjge → kojh to hear → he/she/it hears
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective future tense
The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to convey wish, desire, and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
The conditional widely features the infix -už- (altered in -uš, when ending a word), which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The infix -už-/-uš- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The conditional infix -už- is changed into -uš only in final word position in the 3rd singular person.
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Perfective future tense
The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -už-, the infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The infix -už- and the suffix -əjdo- are added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It is marked by the ending -əjge.
| imperfective | |
| perfective |
There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular infinitve forms, where the infinitve ending merges with the root or is slightly altered.
petɔjge volare
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case. It is not adjoined by the article when it has a verbal function, while the article can be used when the function of the infinitive is strictly nominal.
Participle
The participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It isn has a passive meaning and it is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. It is, thus, usually not used with intransitive verbs (with some of which it may take an impersonal value). In verbal conjugation, it agrees with the subject in number, while it agrees also in case with its adjoining noun, displaying thus a complete declension, in its adjectival role.
It has, however, an imperfective and a perfective form, respectively built on the imperfective root and on the perfective root. It may also take the modal infix -už-, diplaying thus a conditional form. It is marked by the ending -uǵ (whose plural form is -ugi). This ending very often causes irregularities, such as the lenghtening of the last root consonant or its alteration (the conditional infix undergoes no alteration).
| imperfective | ||
| perfective |
Besides its verbal or adjectival role, in some cases the participle may be used as noun, if preceded by the article.
ež emɔcedduǵ the harvest
Passive diathesis and impersonal form
The passive diathesis displays a far lesser amount of forms than the active diathesis. It is formed with the participle, which distinguished only the verbal aspect and the number of the clause subject.
- The imperfective form of the participle is used to convey an ongoing action, mainly in the present or in the future.
- The perfective form of the participle is used to convey a completed and finished action, mainly in the past.
Examples:
ež hunno həjšeččuǵ the field is/will be cultivated
ežno hunnono ežəjšeččugino the fields were cultivated
Intransitive verbs do not have a proper passive diathesis, but they may have a participial form. This form is used with an impersonal value, instead of a passive one.
hišegguǵ one falls, people fall
The impersonal form is mostly used in the singular number, but it may be found also in the plural, with a kind of collective meaning.
