|
|
| Line 33: |
Line 33: |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfective future tense====== | | ======Imperfective future tense====== |
| The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. he infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root: | | The '''imperfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| Line 51: |
Line 51: |
|
| |
|
| ======Perfective future tense====== | | ======Perfective future tense====== |
| The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. he infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root: | | The '''perfective future''' is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| Line 70: |
Line 70: |
| The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root. | | The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root. |
|
| |
|
| ======Imperfect tense====== | | ======Imperfective past tense====== |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots: | | The '''imperfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosò</center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>mɔcedəjdo</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosəh</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>árános</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjdo</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonò</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosonəh</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránoson</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mɔcedəjduno</center> |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like dropping or altering the last root consonant:
| | As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used. |
|
| |
|
| íméham → ěmé
| | ======Perfective past tense====== |
| <small>to go → he/she/it was going</small>
| | The '''perfective past''' is a simple tense (<small>although derived from an older compound tense</small>). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (<small>not in person</small>), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added. |
| | |
| namíɣam → ánamík
| |
| <small>to bite → he/she/it was biting</small>
| |
| | |
| However, most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center> | | | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>emɔcedəjdo</center> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehò</center> || <center>êβò</center> | |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhəh</center> || <center>êβéh</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmé</center> || <center>êp</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjdo</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonò</center> || <center>êβonò</center> | | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhonəh</center> || <center>êβonəh</center> | | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhon</center> || <center>êβon</center> | | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>emɔcedəjduno</center> |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| Among the irregular verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
| | As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root. |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòrò</center> || <center>áɣiɣò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh</center> || <center>áɣîh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr</center> || <center>áɣìɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô</center> || <center>áɣiɣô</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣôh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr</center> || <center>áɣîɣ</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person in the imperfect tense usually display both the typical irregularities of the ''null ending'' and the typical irregularities of the augment merging. Thus it is normally cited in dictionary to exemplify the irregularities of the verbs: | |
| | |
| lîβam (<small>êp</small>)
| |
| <small>to see</small>
| |
| | |
| The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| ======Preterite tense======
| |
| The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tòrò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tòr áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tòrôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tôr áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The preterite tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
| |
| | |
| ======Plusquamperfect tense======
| |
| The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðòrò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðòr áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðòrôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðôr áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The plusquamperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣò ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kîh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣô ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣôh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed or ongoing in the future.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣò áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kîh áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣ áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣô áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣôh áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣ áránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣò ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣîh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣìɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣô ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣôh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣîɣ ránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.
| |
| | |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| The '''subjunctive''' mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
| |
| | |
| In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -in-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
| |
| | |
| ======Present tense======
| |
| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The infix -in- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>ránosinò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosinəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ránosin</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinonəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ránosinon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Forms in the subjunctive tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnò</center> || <center>kiɣinò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnəh</center> || <center>kinîh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìn</center> || <center>kìɣin</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnô</center> || <center>kiɣinô</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnôh</center> || <center>kiɣinôh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tîn</center> || <center>kîɣin</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Usages of the subjuntive present forms in the dependent clause are diverse. As an imperative, only the 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person forms are used, while other forms have an exhortative value. The sense of wish is conveyed only in the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person.
| |
| | |
| ======Imperfect tense======
| |
| The '''imperfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -in-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>áránosinò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosinəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áránosin</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinonò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinonəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áránosinon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, ''to go'', and lîβam, ''to see'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''íméham''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''lîβam''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěmehinò</center> || <center>êβinò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinəh</center> || <center>êβinéh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ěméhin</center> || <center>êβin</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinonò</center> || <center>êβinonò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinonəh</center> || <center>êβinonəh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ěméhinon</center> || <center>êβinon</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Among the irregular verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, ''to have'', and kiɣam, ''to come'', is shown:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''tòram''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center><small>''kiɣam''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnò</center> || <center>áɣiɣinò</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnəh</center> || <center>áɣinîh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìn</center> || <center>áɣìɣin</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnô</center> || <center>áɣiɣinô</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnôh</center> || <center>áɣiɣinôh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðîn</center> || <center>áɣîɣin</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The usages of the subjunctive imperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
| |
| | |
| ======Preterite tense======
| |
| The '''preterite''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>tìnò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìnəh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tìn áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tìnôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tîn áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the subjunctive preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
| |
| | |
| ======Plusquamperfect tense======
| |
| The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb tòram, ''to have'', with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áðìnò áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìnəh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áðìn áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnô áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðìnôh áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áðîn áránosíðə</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
| |
| | |
| ======Future tense======
| |
| The '''future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣinò ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinîh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣin ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinô ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinôh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣin ránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the subjunctive future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, where they can, however, be very diverse.
| |
| | |
| ======Anterior future tense======
| |
| The '''anterior future''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>kiɣinò áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinîh áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kìɣin áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinô áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kiɣinôh áránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kîɣin áránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the subjunctive anterior future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in sporadic cases.
| |
| | |
| ======Future in the past tense======
| |
| The '''future in the past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, ''to come'', with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 150px;"| <center>áɣiɣinò ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣinîh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>áɣìɣin ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣinô ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣiɣinôh ránosam</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>áɣîɣin ránosam</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
| |
| | |
| The usages of the subjunctive future in the past tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses, and in very sporadic cases.
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Conditional mood===== | | =====Conditional mood===== |
Conjugation of a regular verb
Sample verb: mɔcedəjge, to pick up, to collect
Active diathesis
Indicative mood
Imperfective present tense
The imperfective present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. |
mɔcedɔ
|
| 2nd sing. |
mɔcedih
|
| 3rd sing. |
mɔced
|
| 1st plur. |
mɔcedunɔ
|
| 2nd plur. |
mɔcedunih
|
| 3rd plur. |
mɔcedun
|
In the 3rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like altering the last root consonant:
ləjužəjge → ləjuš
to see → he/she/it sees
kojrəjge → kojh
to hear → he/she/it hears
Imperfective future tense
The imperfective future is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the imperfective root:
| 1st sing. |
mɔcedəjgehɔ
|
| 2nd sing. |
mɔcedəjgehih
|
| 3rd sing. |
mɔcedəjgeh
|
| 1st plur. |
mɔcedəjgehunɔ
|
| 2nd plur. |
mɔcedəjgehunih
|
| 3rd plur. |
mɔcedəjgehun
|
Perfective future tense
The perfective future is a simple tense. The infix -əjgeh- and the personal endings are added to the perfective root:
| 1st sing. |
emɔcedəjgehɔ
|
| 2nd sing. |
emɔcedəjgehih
|
| 3rd sing. |
emɔcedəjgeh
|
| 1st plur. |
emɔcedəjgehunɔ
|
| 2nd plur. |
emɔcedəjgehunih
|
| 3rd plur. |
emɔcedəjgehun
|
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Imperfective past tense
The imperfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the imperfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. |
mɔcedəjdo
|
| 2nd sing. |
mɔcedəjdo
|
| 3rd sing. |
mɔcedəjdo
|
| 1st plur. |
mɔcedəjduno
|
| 2nd plur. |
mɔcedəjduno
|
| 3rd plur. |
mɔcedəjduno
|
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
Perfective past tense
The perfective past is a simple tense (although derived from an older compound tense). The suffix -əjdo- is added to the perfective root. The forms of this tense agree with the clause subject only in number (not in person), and their plural is built by adding the plural morpheme -no of the nominal/adjectival declension. The last vowel -o of the suffix changes in -u when the plural morpheme is added.
| 1st sing. |
emɔcedəjdo
|
| 2nd sing. |
emɔcedəjdo
|
| 3rd sing. |
emɔcedəjdo
|
| 1st plur. |
emɔcedəjduno
|
| 2nd plur. |
emɔcedəjduno
|
| 3rd plur. |
emɔcedəjduno
|
As these forms do not agree in person with the subject, the usage of personal pronouns is mandatorily required, when a noun is not used.
The formation of this tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the same perfective root.
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
In simple tenses, the subjunctive widely features the infix -as-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings. Thus, other normal consonantal dropping or alteration anomalies in the indicative mood do not take place.
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The infix -as- and the personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. |
ránosasò
|
| 2nd sing. |
ránosasəh
|
| 3rd sing. |
ránosas
|
| 1st plur. |
ránosasonò
|
| 2nd plur. |
ránosasonəh
|
| 3rd plur. |
ránosason
|
Forms in the conditional tend to be more regular than their counterparts in the indicative mood. There are, however, a limited amount of verbs with irregular subjunctive forms. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:
|
tòram |
kiɣam
|
| 1st sing. |
tàsò |
kiɣasò
|
| 2nd sing. |
tàsəh |
kjâh
|
| 3rd sing. |
tàs |
kjàɣ
|
| 1st plur. |
tàsô |
kiɣasô
|
| 2nd plur. |
tàsôh |
kiɣasôh
|
| 3rd plur. |
tâs |
kjâɣ
|
The conditional present tense conveys its meanings in the present and in the near future. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
Imperfect tense
The imperfect is a simple tense. The infix -as-, the personal endings and the augment, -á-, are added to the verbal roots:
| 1st sing. |
áránosasò
|
| 2nd sing. |
áránosasəh
|
| 3rd sing. |
áránosas
|
| 1st plur. |
áránosasonò
|
| 2nd plur. |
áránosasonəh
|
| 3rd plur. |
áránosason
|
Most irregularities occur in the verbal root, due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations, resulting in a sort of a past root, different from the basic verbal root. As an example, the verbs íméham, to go, and lîβam, to see:
|
íméham |
lîβam
|
| 1st sing. |
ěmehasò |
êβasò
|
| 2nd sing. |
ěméhasəh |
êβaséh
|
| 3rd sing. |
ěméhas |
êβas
|
| 1st plur. |
ěméhasonò |
êβasonò
|
| 2nd plur. |
ěméhasonəh |
êβasonəh
|
| 3rd plur. |
ěméhason |
êβason
|
Among the irregular verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verbs tòram, to have, and kiɣam, to come, is shown:
|
tòram |
kiɣam
|
| 1st sing. |
áðàsò |
áɣiɣasò
|
| 2nd sing. |
áðàsəh |
áɣjâh
|
| 3rd sing. |
áðàs |
áɣjàɣ
|
| 1st plur. |
áðàsô |
áɣiɣasô
|
| 2nd plur. |
áðàsôh |
áɣiɣasôh
|
| 3rd plur. |
áðâs |
áɣjâɣ
|
The conditional imperfect tense conveys its meanings in the past and in the near future of a past event. It has also diverse usages in the dependent clauses
Preterite tense
The preterite is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. |
tàsò áránosíðə
|
| 2nd sing. |
tàsəh áránosíðə
|
| 3rd sing. |
tàs áránosíðə
|
| 1st plur. |
tàsô áránosíðə
|
| 2nd plur. |
tàsôh áránosíðə
|
| 3rd plur. |
tâs áránosíðə
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
Plusquamperfect tense
The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb tòram, to have, with the active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. |
áðàsò áránosíðə
|
| 2nd sing. |
áðàsəh áránosíðə
|
| 3rd sing. |
áðàs áránosíðə
|
| 1st plur. |
áðàsô áránosíðə
|
| 2nd plur. |
áðàsôh áránosíðə
|
| 3rd plur. |
áðâs áránosíðə
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The usages of the conditional plusquamperfect tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
Future tense
The future is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. |
kiɣasò ránosam
|
| 2nd sing. |
kjâh ránosam
|
| 3rd sing. |
kjàɣ ránosam
|
| 1st plur. |
kiɣasô ránosam
|
| 2nd plur. |
kiɣasôh ránosam
|
| 3rd plur. |
kjâɣ ránosam
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
The usages of the conditional future tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
Anterior future tense
The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the imperfect infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. |
kiɣasò áránosam
|
| 2nd sing. |
kjâh áránosam
|
| 3rd sing. |
kjàɣ áránosam
|
| 1st plur. |
kiɣasô áránosam
|
| 2nd plur. |
kiɣasôh áránosam
|
| 3rd plur. |
kjâɣ áránosam
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
The usages of the conditional anterior future tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
Future in the past tense
The future in the past is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional imperfect forms of the verb kiɣam, to come, with the present infinitive of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. |
áɣiɣasò ránosam
|
| 2nd sing. |
áɣjâh ránosam
|
| 3rd sing. |
áɣjàɣ ránosam
|
| 1st plur. |
áɣiɣasô ránosam
|
| 2nd plur. |
áɣiɣasôh ránosam
|
| 3rd plur. |
áɣjâɣ ránosam
|
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
The usages of the conditional future in the past tense are extremely limited, usually to dependent clauses.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
|
indicative |
subjunctive |
conditional
|
| present |
ránosam |
ránosinam |
ránosasam
|
| past |
áránosam |
áránosinam |
áránosasam
|
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2nd class noun.
In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.
Participle
There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
The active participle is formed through the ending -íðə, while the passive participle through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
|
present |
past
|
| active |
ránosíðə |
áránosíðə
|
| passive |
ránosuɣi |
áránosuɣi
|
There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
|
lîβam
|
|
present |
past
|
| active |
lîβíðə |
êβíðə
|
| passive |
lîβuɣi |
êβuɣi
|
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
Passive diathesis
The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, to come with the various forms of the passive participle.
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
Indicative mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| present |
indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| imperfect |
indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| preterite |
indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| plusquamperfect |
indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| future |
indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| anterior future |
indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| future in the past |
indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| Tense |
Example
|
| present |
kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
|
| imperfect |
áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
|
| preterite |
kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
|
| plusquamperfect |
áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
|
| future |
kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|
| anterior future |
kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|
| future in the past |
áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|
Subjunctive mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| present |
subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| imperfect |
subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| preterite |
subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| plusquamperfect |
subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| future |
subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| anterior future |
subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| future in the past |
subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| Tense |
Example
|
| present |
kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
|
| imperfect |
áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
|
| preterite |
kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
|
| plusquamperfect |
áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
|
| future |
kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|
| anterior future |
kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|
| future in the past |
áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|
Conditional mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| present |
conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| imperfect |
conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| preterite |
conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| plusquamperfect |
conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| future |
conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| anterior future |
conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| future in the past |
conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| Tense |
Example
|
| present |
kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
|
| imperfect |
áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
|
| preterite |
kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
|
| plusquamperfect |
áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
|
| future |
kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|
| anterior future |
kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
|
| future in the past |
áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
|
Infinitive mood
| Tense |
Construction
|
| indicative present |
indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| indicative past |
indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| subjunctive present |
subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| subjunctive past |
subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
| conditional present |
conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
|
| conditional past |
conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
|
Examples:
| Tense |
Example
|
| indicative present |
kiɣam ránosuɣi
|
| indicative past |
kiɣam áránosuɣi
|
| subjunctive present |
kiɣinam ránosuɣi
|
| subjunctive past |
kiɣinam áránosuɣi
|
| conditional present |
kiɣasam ránosuɣi
|
| conditional past |
kiɣasam áránosuɣi
|
