User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of a regular verb

Example: gɛgugiwgɛ, to bring

Indicative mood

Four tenses are simple:

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1st sing.	gɛgugū	hɛgɛgugū	gugɛgū	hɛgugɛgū
2nd sing.	gɛgugir	hɛgɛgugir	gugɛgir	hɛgugɛgir
3rd sing.	gɛgugjɛc1	hɛgɛgugjɛc1	gugɛgjɛc1	hɛgugɛgjɛc1
	gɛgug2	hɛgɛgug2	gugɛg2	hɛgugɛg2
1st dual	gɛgugiwhū	hɛgɛgugiwhū	gugɛgiwhū	hɛgugɛgiwhū
2nd dual	gɛgugiwhir	hɛgɛgugiwhir	gugɛgiwhir	hɛgugɛgiwhir
3rd dual	gɛgugiwcɛc	hɛgɛgugiwcɛc	gugɛgiwcɛc	hɛgugɛgiwcɛc
	gɛgugiwh	hɛgɛgugiwh	gugɛgiwh	hɛgugɛgiwh
1st plur.	gɛgugunū	hɛgɛgugunū	gugɛgunū	hɛgugɛgunū
2nd plur.	gɛgugunir	hɛgɛgugunir	gugɛgunir	hɛgugɛgunir
3rd plur.	gɛgugunjɛc	hɛgɛgugunjɛc	gugɛgunjɛc	hɛgugɛgunjɛc
	gɛgugun	hɛgɛgugun	gugɛgun	hɛgugɛgun

• ¹ this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:

cɛgiliwgɛ → cɛgiʎɛc
to say → he/she/it says

lilušiwgɛ → lilušɛc
to see → he/she/it sees

• ² this form tends to display irregularities in several verbs:

čiwguliwgɛ → čiwgū
to come → he/she/it comes

There are, moreover, three compound tenses. They are formed:

• Imperfective future: forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the imperfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative present: forms of the indicative present of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.
• Resultative past: forms of the indicative past of the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, to be, with the perfective present infinitive of the conjugated verb.

	imperfective future	resultative present	resultative past
1st sing.	çɛňū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd sing.	çɛňir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd sing.	çɛňɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛň gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛň hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st dual	çɛňiwhū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwhū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd dual	çeňiwhir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwhir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd dual	çɛňiwcɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwcɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çeňiwh gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňiwh hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
1st plur.	çɛňunū gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunū hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
2nd plur.	çɛňunir gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunir hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
3rd plur.	çɛňunjɛc gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňunjɛc hɛgugɛgiwgɛ
	çɛňun gɛgugiwgɛ	çɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ	hɛçɛňun hɛgugɛgiwgɛ

Subjunctive mood

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1st sing.	lī́lopiñow	ʔalī́lopiñow	lolī́piñow	ʔalolī́piñow
2nd sing.	lī́lopiñer	ʔalī́lopiñer	lolī́piñer	ʔalolī́piñer
3rd sing.	lī́lopiñɑt	ʔalī́lopiñɑt	lolī́piñɑt	ʔalolī́piñɑt
	lī́lopiñ	ʔalī́lopiñ	lolī́piñ	ʔalolī́piñ
1st plur.	lī́lopiñonow	ʔalī́lopiñonow	lolī́piñonow	ʔalolī́piñonow
2nd plur.	lī́lopiñoner	ʔalī́lopiñoner	lolī́piñoner	ʔalolī́piñoner
3rd plur.	lī́lopiñonɑt	ʔalī́lopiñonɑt	lolī́piñonɑt	ʔalolī́ponɑt
	lī́lopiñon	ʔalī́lopiñon	lolī́piñon	ʔalolī́piñon

The subjunctive is mainly used as a dependent mood, with or without any subordinative conjunctions. In main clauses it may convey wish or exhortation, being thus used also as an imperative form.

Conditional mood

	imperfective		perfective
	present	past	present	past
1st sing.	lī́lopɑtsow	ʔalī́lopɑtsow	lolī́pɑtsow	ʔalolī́pɑtsow
2nd sing.	lī́lopɑtser	ʔalī́lopɑtser	lolī́pɑtser	ʔalolī́pɑtser
3rd sing.	lī́lopɑtsɑt	ʔalī́lopɑtsɑt	lolī́pɑtsɑt	ʔalolī́pɑtsɑt
	lī́lopɑts	ʔalī́lopɑts	lolī́pɑts	ʔalolī́pɑts
1st plur.	lī́lopɑtsonow	ʔalī́lopɑtsonow	lolī́pɑtsonow	ʔalolī́pɑtsonow
2nd plur.	lī́lopɑtsoner	ʔalī́lopɑtsoner	lolī́pɑtsoner	ʔalolī́pɑtsoner
3rd plur.	lī́lopɑtsonɑt	ʔalī́lopɑtsonɑt	lolī́pɑtsonɑt	ʔalolī́pɑtsonɑt
	lī́lopɑtson	ʔalī́lopɑtson	lolī́pɑtson	ʔalolī́pɑtson

The conditional mood conveys mainly the intrinsic potentiality of an action or a state, both in main and in dependent clauses. It may also convey wish or hope.

For this reason the present tense usually refer to future actions, while the past tenses are used to refer to future actions in the past (the past perfective is routinely used as future in the past tense).

Non-finite forms

Infinitive

	indicative	subjuncitve	conditional
imp. pres.	lī́lopɑme	lī́lopiñɑme	lī́lopɑtsɑme
imp. pres.	ʔalī́lopɑme	ʔalī́lopiñɑme	ʔalī́lopɑtsɑme
imp. pres.	lolī́pɑme	lolī́piñɑme	lolī́pɑtsɑme
imp. pres.	ʔalolī́pɑme	ʔalolī́piñɑme	ʔalolī́pɑtsɑme

The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as a 2^nd class noun.

In its subjunctive form it is often used as object or subject of other subordinative verbs, like the negative verbs, the modal verbs or in dependent clauses in their infinitival type.

Direct objects of the infinitival forms are declined in the ablative case.

Agentive participle

	indicative	subjuncitve	conditional
imp. pres.	lī́lopī́to	lī́lopiñī́to	lī́lopɑtsī́to
imp. pres.	ʔalī́lopī́to	ʔalī́lopiñī́to	ʔalī́lopɑtsī́to
imp. pres.	lolī́pī́to	lolī́piñī́to	lolī́pɑtsī́to
imp. pres.	ʔalolī́pī́to	ʔalolī́piñī́to	ʔalolī́pɑtsī́to

The agentive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.

It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ablative case:

ʔṓnašu ʔalolī́pɑtsī́toli wī́roli
the man which might have seen the woman

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.

Passive participle

	indicative	subjuncitve	conditional
imp. pres.	lī́lopuki	lī́lopiñuki	lī́lopɑtsuki
imp. pres.	ʔalī́lopuki	ʔalī́lopiñuki	ʔalī́lopɑtsuki
imp. pres.	lolī́puki	lolī́piñuki	lolī́pɑtsuki
imp. pres.	ʔalolī́puki	ʔalolī́piñuki	ʔalolī́pɑtsuki

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.

Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses, in which the object is the linked noun, and the subject is declined in the agentive case. In the earlier period it is not used in this role.

wī́roli ʔalolī́puki ʔṓna
the woman seen by the man

As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.