User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII

Conjugation of a regular verb

Sample verb: minušjid (munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-), to twist, to bend

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid wẽv	minušjid wĩvs	minušug wẽv	minušug wĩvs
2nd sing.	minušjid wẽr	minušjid wĩrs	minušug wẽr	minušug wĩrs
3rd sing.	minušjid wẽh	minušjid wĩs	minušug wẽh	minušug wĩs
1st plur.	minušjidũ wẽnõ	minušjidũ wĩns	minušuɣĩ wẽnõ	minušuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.	minušjidũ wẽrõ	minušjidũ wĩrõs	minušuɣĩ wẽrõ	minušuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ wẽžõ	minušjidũ wĩžõs	minušuɣĩ wẽžõ	minušuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
I see you → I don't see you

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid wẽv	munišjid wĩvs	munišug wẽv	munišug wĩvs
2nd sing.	munišjid wẽr	munišjid wĩrs	munišug wẽr	munišug wĩrs
3rd sing.	munišjid wẽh	munišjid wĩs	munišug wẽh	munišug wĩs
1st plur.	munišjidũ wẽnõ	munišjidũ wĩns	munišuɣĩ wẽnõ	munišuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.	munišjidũ wẽrõ	munišjidũ wĩrõs	munišuɣĩ wẽrõ	munišuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ wẽžõ	munišjidũ wĩžõs	munišuɣĩ wẽžõ	munišuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
I used to see you → I didn't see you

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid jẽv	minušjid jĩvs	minušug jẽv	minušug jĩvs
2nd sing.	minušjid jẽr	minušjid jĩrs	minušug jẽr	minušug jĩrs
3rd sing.	minušjid jẽh	minušjid jĩs	minušug jẽh	minušug jĩs
1st plur.	minušjidũ jẽnõ	minušjidũ jĩns	minušuɣĩ jẽnõ	minušuɣĩ jĩns
2nd plur.	minušjidũ jẽrõ	minušjidũ jĩrõs	minušuɣĩ jẽrõ	minušuɣĩ jĩrõs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ jẽžõ	minušjidũ jĩžõs	minušuɣĩ jẽžõ	minušuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I saw you → I didn't see you

The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid jẽv	munišjid jĩvs	munišug jẽv	munišug jĩvs
2nd sing.	munišjid jẽr	munišjid jĩrs	munišug jẽr	munišug jĩrs
3rd sing.	munišjid jẽh	munišjid jĩs	munišug jẽh	munišug jĩs
1st plur.	munišjidũ jẽnõ	munišjidũ jĩns	munišuɣĩ jẽnõ	munišuɣĩ jĩns
2nd plur.	munišjidũ jẽrõ	munišjidũ jĩrõs	munišuɣĩ jẽrõ	munišuɣĩ jĩrõs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ jẽžõ	munišjidũ jĩžõs	munišuɣĩ jẽžõ	munišuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I had seen you → I hadn't seen you

The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid mjov	minušjid mjuvs	minušug mjov	minušug mjuvs
2nd sing.	minušjid mjer	minušjid mjirs	minušug mjer	minušug mjirs
3rd sing.	minušjid mješ	minušjid mjiš	minušug mješ	minušug mjiš
1st plur.	minušjidũ mjõ	minušjidũ mjũs	minušuɣĩ mjõ	minušuɣĩ mjũs
2nd plur.	minušjidũ mjerõ	minušjidũ mjirũs	minušuɣĩ mjerõ	minušuɣĩ mjirũs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ mježõ	minušjidũ mjižũs	minušuɣĩ mježõ	minušuɣĩ mjižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future tense. The present forms are used to convey this tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid mjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid mjuvs
I will see you → I won't see you

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid imjov	minušjid imjuvs	minušug imjov	minušug imjuvs
2nd sing.	minušjid imir	minušjid imirs	minušug imir	minušug imirs
3rd sing.	minušjid imeš	minušjid imiš	minušug imeš	minušug imiš
1st plur.	minušjidũ imjõ	minušjidũ imjũs	minušuɣĩ imjõ	minušuɣĩ imjũs
2nd plur.	minušjidũ imirõ	minušjidũ imirũs	minušuɣĩ imirõ	minušuɣĩ imirũs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ imižõ	minušjidũ imižũs	minušuɣĩ imižõ	minušuɣĩ imižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the anterior future tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
I will have seen you → I won't have seen you

The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.

Future in the past tense

The future in the past is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb mid, to go. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid imjov	munišjid imjuvs	munišug imjov	munišug imjuvs
2nd sing.	munišjid imir	munišjid imirs	munišug imir	munišug imirs
3rd sing.	munišjid imeš	munišjid imiš	munišug imeš	munišug imiš
1st plur.	munišjidũ imjõ	munišjidũ imjũs	munišuɣĩ imjõ	munišuɣĩ imjũs
2nd plur.	munišjidũ imirõ	munišjidũ imirũs	munišuɣĩ imirõ	munišuɣĩ imirũs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ imižõ	munišjidũ imižũs	munišuɣĩ imižõ	munišuɣĩ imižũs

Modal verbs cannot replace the corresponding forms of the verb mid in the future in the past tense. The past or plurperfect conditional forms are used to convey this tense.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb:

ort nwẽt řirušjid imjov → ort nwẽt řirušjid imjuvs
I would see you → I would not see you

The future in the past tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which would be completed after another past action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.

The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the subjunctive forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be, replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the subjunctive lacks any future tense.

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid wũšev	minušjid wũšivs	minušug wũšev	minušug wũšivs
2nd sing.	minušjid wũšr	minušjid wũšris	minušug wũšr	minušug wũšris
3rd sing.	minušjid wũš	minušjid wũšis	minušug wũš	minušug wũšis
1st plur.	minušjidũ wũšõ	minušjidũ wũšũs	minušuɣĩ wũšrõ	minušuɣĩ wũšũs
2nd plur.	minušjidũ wũšrõ	minušjidũ wũšrũs	minušuɣĩ wũšrõ	minušuɣĩ wũšrũs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ wũžõ	minušjidũ wũžũs	minušuɣĩ wũžõ	minušuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid wũšev	munišjid wũšivs	munišug wũšev	munišug wũšivs
2nd sing.	munišjid wũšr	munišjid wũšris	munišug wũšr	munišug wũšris
3rd sing.	munišjid wũš	munišjid wũšis	munišug wũš	munišug wũšis
1st plur.	munišjidũ wũšõ	munišjidũ wũšũs	munišuɣĩ wũšõ	munišuɣĩ wũšũs
2nd plur.	munišjidũ wũšrõ	munišjidũ wũšrũs	munišuɣĩ wũšrõ	munišuɣĩ wũšrũs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ wũžõ	munišjidũ wũžũs	munišuɣĩ wũžõ	munišuɣĩ wũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid jũšev	minušjid jũšivs	minušug jũšev	minušug jũšivs
2nd sing.	minušjid jũšr	minušjid jũšris	minušug jũšr	minušug jũšris
3rd sing.	minušjid jũš	minušjid jũšis	minušug jũš	minušug jũšis
1st plur.	minušjidũ jũšõ	minušjidũ jũšũs	minušuɣĩ jũšõ	minušuɣĩ jũšũs
2nd plur.	minušjidũ jũšrõ	minušjidũ jũšrũs	minušuɣĩ jũšrõ	minušuɣĩ jũšrũs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ jũžõ	minušjidũ jũžũs	minušuɣĩ jũžõ	minušuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the subjunctive imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid jũšev	munišjid jũšivs	munišug jũšev	munišug jũšivs
2nd sing.	munišjid jũšr	munišjid jũšris	munišug jũšr	munišug jũšris
3rd sing.	munišjid jũš	munišjid jũšis	munišug jũš	munišug jũšis
1st plur.	munišjidũ jũšõ	munišjidũ jũšũs	munišuɣĩ jũšõ	munišuɣĩ jũšũs
2nd plur.	munišjidũ jũšrõ	munišjidũ jũšrũs	munišuɣĩ jũšrõ	munišuɣĩ jũšrũs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ jũžõ	munišjidũ jũžũs	munišuɣĩ jũžõ	munišuɣĩ jũžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Conditional mood

The conditional mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a limited manner, it may also convey wish and desire.

The construction of the various tenses is similar to the indicative ones, with the conditional forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be, replacing their indicative counterparts. However, the conditional lacks any future tense.

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid wĩšev	minušjid wĩšivs	minušug wĩšev	minušug wĩšivs
2nd sing.	minušjid wĩšr	minušjid wĩšris	minušug wĩšr	minušug wĩšris
3rd sing.	minušjid wĩh	minušjid wĩš	minušug wĩh	minušug wĩš
1st plur.	minušjidũ wĩšõ	minušjidũ wĩšũs	minušuɣĩ wĩšõ	minušuɣĩ wĩšũs
2nd plur.	minušjidũ wĩšrõ	minušjidũ wĩšrũs	minušuɣĩ wĩšrõ	minušuɣĩ wĩšrũs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ wĩžõ	minušjidũ wĩžũs	minušuɣĩ wĩžõ	minušuɣĩ wĩžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid wĩšev	munišjid wĩšivs	munišug wĩšev	munišug wĩšivs
2nd sing.	munišjid wĩšr	munišjid wĩšris	munišug wĩšr	munišug wĩšris
3rd sing.	munišjid wĩh	munišjid wĩš	munišug wĩh	munišug wĩš
1st plur.	munišjidũ wĩšõ	munišjidũ wĩšũs	munišuɣĩ wĩšõ	munišuɣĩ wĩšũs
2nd plur.	munišjidũ wĩšrõ	munišjidũ wĩšrũs	munišuɣĩ wĩšrõ	munišuɣĩ wĩšrũs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ wĩžõ	munišjidũ wĩžũs	munišuɣĩ wĩžõ	munišuɣĩ wĩžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušjid jĩšev	minušjid jĩšivs	minušug jĩšev	minušug jĩšivs
2nd sing.	minušjid jĩšr	minušjid jĩšris	minušug jĩšr	minušug jĩšris
3rd sing.	minušjid jĩh	minušjid jĩš	minušug jĩh	minušug jĩš
1st plur.	minušjidũ jĩšõ	minušjidũ jĩšũs	minušuɣĩ jĩšõ	minušuɣĩ jĩšũs
2nd plur.	minušjidũ jĩšrõ	minušjidũ jĩšrũs	minušuɣĩ jĩšrõ	minušuɣĩ jĩšrũs
3rd plur.	minušjidũ jĩžõ	minušjidũ jĩžũs	minušuɣĩ jĩžõ	minušuɣĩ jĩžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the conditional imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

	active		passive
	positive	negative	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišjid jĩšev	munišjid jĩšivs	munišug jĩšev	munišug jĩšivs
2nd sing.	munišjid jĩšr	munišjid jĩšris	munišug jĩšr	munišug jĩšris
3rd sing.	munišjid jĩh	munišjid jĩš	munišug jĩh	munišug jĩš
1st plur.	munišjidũ jĩšõ	munišjidũ jĩšũs	munišuɣĩ jĩšõ	munišuɣĩ jĩšũs
2nd plur.	munišjidũ jĩšrõ	munišjidũ jĩšrũs	munišuɣĩ jĩšrõ	munišuɣĩ jĩšrũs
3rd plur.	munišjidũ jĩžõ	munišjidũ jĩžũs	munišuɣĩ jĩžõ	munišuɣĩ jĩžũs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

Resultative

The resultative is an extratemporal and extramodal form, which strongly stresses upon the result of the completed action or state. It has only a "present form", which conveys the result of a previous action, with a strong influence on the ongoing events (for example: i have won = I am the winner).

The resultative is built with the resultative participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. It has no passive counterparts.

	resultative
	positive	negative
1st sing.	munišaža wẽv	munišaža wĩvs
2nd sing.	munišaža wẽr	munišaža wĩrs
3rd sing.	munišaža wẽh	munišaža wĩs
1st plur.	munišaža wẽnõ	munišaža wĩns
2nd plur.	munišaža wẽrõ	munišaža wĩrõs
3rd plur.	munišaža wẽžõ	munišaža wĩžõs

The modal verbs have no resultative forms. The resultative participle is indeclinable and does not agree with the subject.

Archaic forms

In the earlier modern period, all verbs have a complete conjugation with simple forms in the present and in the imperfect tense. In these archaic tenses, old forms of personal endings are added to the present root and to the past root, respectively.

Example:

	resultative
	positive	negative
1st sing.	minušov	munišov
2nd sing.	minušr	munišr
3rd sing.	minušeh	munišeh
1st plur.	minušõ	munišõ
2nd plur.	minušrõ	munišrõ
3rd plur.	minušežõ	munišežõ

These forms are regarded as obsolete in modern texts, but they may be found in older texts, in intetionally old-style modern texts and in some conservative dialects. Even in these cases, only some verbs keep these forms.