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The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.  
The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.  


=====Preterite tense=====
=====Past tense=====
The '''preterite''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the preterite root:
The '''past''' is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>asusōnow</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnər</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōneš</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽv</center> || <center>minušjid jĩvs</center> || <center>minušug jẽv</center> || <center>minušug jĩvs</center>
|-
|-
| <center>asusōn</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽr</center> || <center>minušjid jĩrs</center> || <center>minušug jẽr</center> || <center>minušug jĩrs</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnohi</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>minušjid jẽh</center> || <center>minušjid jĩs</center> || <center>minušug jẽh</center> || <center>minušug jĩs</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnəri</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩns</center>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōneši</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
|-
|-
| <center>asusōni</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>minušjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>minušuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnohon</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnəron</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnešon</center>
|-
| <center>asusōnon</center>
|}
|}


In the short form of the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person, which features the ''null ending'', irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant (<small>basically the same alteration as in the present tense</small>):
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.


uligem → eluk
The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
<small>to die → he/she/it died</small>


The preterite tense conveys completed, ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past, without any influence on the present.
ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
<small>I saw you → I didn't see you</small>


=====Perfect tense=====
The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.
The '''perfect''' is a simple tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
 
=====Pluperfect tense=====
The '''pluperfect''' is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, ''to be''. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>sōsunow</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagər</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>sōsunageš</center>
|-
| <center>sōsunag</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunagohi</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunagəri</center>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>sōsunageši</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽv</center> || <center>munišjid jĩvs</center> || <center>munišug jẽv</center> || <center>munišug jĩvs</center>
|-
|-
| <center>sōsunagi</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽr</center> || <center>munišjid jĩrs</center> || <center>munišug jẽr</center> || <center>munišug jĩrs</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagohon</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>munišjid jẽh</center> || <center>munišjid jĩs</center> || <center>munišug jẽh</center> || <center>munišug jĩs</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagəron</center>
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩns</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽnõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩns</center>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sōsunagešon</center>
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩrõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽrõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩrõs</center>
|-
|-
| <center>sōsunagon</center>
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>munišjidũ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišjidũ jĩžõs</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jẽžõ</center> || <center>munišuɣĩ jĩžõs</center>
|}
|}


The perfect tense conveys actions or states which have taken place in the past, but which still can have an influence on the present. It also may convey an action or a state which have begun in the past but it is still ongoing in the present.
Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.


=====Plusquamperfect tense=====
The negative forms are used to negate the verb:
The '''plusquamperfect''' is a compound tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the past root:


{| class="wikitable"
ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
|-
<small>I had seen you → I hadn't seen you</small>
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 140px;"| <center>asusōnagow</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagər</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>asusōnageš</center>
|-
| <center>asusōnag</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnagohi</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnagəri</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> dual</small>'' || <center>asusōnageši</center>
|-
| <center>asusōnagi</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagohon</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagəron</center>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>asusōnagešon</center>
|-
| <center>asusōnon</center>
|}


The plusquamperfect tense conveys actions or states which had taken place before another past action or state, but which still had an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which had begun in the past but it is still ongoing during another past action or state.
The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.  


=====Future tense=====
=====Future tense=====

Revision as of 01:10, 19 June 2025

Conjugation of a regular verb

Sample verb: minušjid (munišjid, minušug, minušaža, minuš-/muniš-), to twist, to bend

Indicative mood

Present tense

The present is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid wẽv
minušjid wĩvs
minušug wẽv
minušug wĩvs
2nd sing.
minušjid wẽr
minušjid wĩrs
minušug wẽr
minušug wĩrs
3rd sing.
minušjid wẽh
minušjid wĩs
minušug wẽh
minušug wĩs
1st plur.
minušjidũ wẽnõ
minušjidũ wĩns
minušuɣĩ wẽnõ
minušuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.
minušjidũ wẽrõ
minušjidũ wĩrõs
minušuɣĩ wẽrõ
minušuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ wẽžõ
minušjidũ wĩžõs
minušuɣĩ wẽžõ
minušuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid wẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid wĩvs
I see you → I don't see you

The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.

Imperfect tense

The imperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid wẽv
munišjid wĩvs
munišug wẽv
munišug wĩvs
2nd sing.
munišjid wẽr
munišjid wĩrs
munišug wẽr
munišug wĩrs
3rd sing.
munišjid wẽh
munišjid wĩs
munišug wẽh
munišug wĩs
1st plur.
munišjidũ wẽnõ
munišjidũ wĩns
munišuɣĩ wẽnõ
munišuɣĩ wĩns
2nd plur.
munišjidũ wẽrõ
munišjidũ wĩrõs
munišuɣĩ wẽrõ
munišuɣĩ wĩrõs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ wẽžõ
munišjidũ wĩžõs
munišuɣĩ wẽžõ
munišuɣĩ wĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt aruřišjid wẽv → ort nwẽt aruřišjid wĩvs
I used to see you → I didn't see you

The imperfect tense conveys ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past.

Past tense

The past is built with the present active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the present passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
minušjid jẽv
minušjid jĩvs
minušug jẽv
minušug jĩvs
2nd sing.
minušjid jẽr
minušjid jĩrs
minušug jẽr
minušug jĩrs
3rd sing.
minušjid jẽh
minušjid jĩs
minušug jẽh
minušug jĩs
1st plur.
minušjidũ jẽnõ
minušjidũ jĩns
minušuɣĩ jẽnõ
minušuɣĩ jĩns
2nd plur.
minušjidũ jẽrõ
minušjidũ jĩrõs
minušuɣĩ jẽrõ
minušuɣĩ jĩrõs
3rd plur.
minušjidũ jẽžõ
minušjidũ jĩžõs
minušuɣĩ jẽžõ
minušuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I saw you → I didn't see you

The past tense conveys completed actions or states in the past.

Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect is built with the past active participle of the conjugated verb and the indicative imperfect forms of the auxiliary verb wĩňid, to be. The passive counterparts are built with the past passive participle.

active
passive
positive
negative
positive
negative
1st sing.
munišjid jẽv
munišjid jĩvs
munišug jẽv
munišug jĩvs
2nd sing.
munišjid jẽr
munišjid jĩrs
munišug jẽr
munišug jĩrs
3rd sing.
munišjid jẽh
munišjid jĩs
munišug jẽh
munišug jĩs
1st plur.
munišjidũ jẽnõ
munišjidũ jĩns
munišuɣĩ jẽnõ
munišuɣĩ jĩns
2nd plur.
munišjidũ jẽrõ
munišjidũ jĩrõs
munišuɣĩ jẽrõ
munišuɣĩ jĩrõs
3rd plur.
munišjidũ jẽžõ
munišjidũ jĩžõs
munišuɣĩ jẽžõ
munišuɣĩ jĩžõs

Modal verbs can replace the corresponding forms of the verb wĩňid, if required.

The negative forms are used to negate the verb: 

ort nwẽt řirušjid jẽv → ort nwẽt řirušjid jĩvs
I had seen you → I hadn't seen you

The plusperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.

Future tense

The future is a compound tense. It is built with the present secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:

1st sing.
sōsuniga imēhow
2nd sing.
sōsuniga imēhər
3rd sing.
sōsuniga imēheš
sōsuniga imēh
1st dual
sōsuniga imēhohi
2nd dual
sōsuniga imēhəri
3rd dual
sōsuniga imēheši
sōsuniga imēhi
1st plur.
sōsuniga imēhohon
2nd plur.
sōsuniga imēhəron
3rd plur.
sōsuniga imēhešon
sōsuniga imēhon

The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.

Anterior future tense

The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the preterite secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:

1st sing.
asusōniga imēhow
2nd sing.
asusōniga imēhər
3rd sing.
asusōniga imēheš
asusōniga imēh
1st dual
asusōniga imēhohi
2nd dual
asusōniga imēhəri
3rd dual
asusōniga imēheši
asusōniga imēhi
1st plur.
asusōniga imēhohon
2nd plur.
asusōniga imēhəron
3rd plur.
asusōniga imēhešon
asusōniga imēhon

The anterior future tense conveys actions or states which will take place before another future action or state, but which will still have an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which will begin in the past of a future moment but it will be still ongoing during another future action or state.

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, with several usages. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation, desire, and wish.

The subjunctive widely features the infix -oč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.

present
preterite
perfect
plusquamperfect
1st sing.
sōsunočow
asusōnočow
sōsunočagow
asusōnočagow
2nd sing.
sōsunočər
asusōnočər
sōsunočagər
asusōnočagər
3rd sing.
sōsunočeš
asusōnočeš
sōsunočageš
asusōnočageš
sōsunoč
asusōnoč
sōsunočag
asusōnočag
1st dual
sōsunočohi
asusōnočohi
sōsunočagohi
asusōnočagohi
2nd dual
sōsunočəri
asusōnočəri
sōsunočagəri
asusōnočagəri
3rd dual
sōsunočeši
asusōnočeši
sōsunočageši
asusōnočageši
sōsunoči
asusōnoči
sōsunočagi
asusōnočagi
1st plur.
sōsunočohon
asusōnočohon
sōsunočagohon
asusōnočagohon
2nd plur.
sōsunočəron
asusōnočəron
sōsunočagəron
asusōnočagəron
3rd plur.
sōsunočešon
asusōnočešon
sōsunočagešon
asusōnočagešon
sōsunočon
asusōnočon
sōsunočagon
asusōnočagon

Potential mood

The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.

The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.

present
preterite
perfect
plusquamperfect
1st sing.
sōsunečow
asusōnečow
sōsunečagow
asusōnečagow
2nd sing.
sōsunečər
asusōnečər
sōsunečagər
asusōnečagər
3rd sing.
sōsunečeš
asusōnečeš
sōsunečageš
asusōnečageš
sōsuneč
asusōneč
sōsunečag
asusōnečag
1st dual
sōsunečohi
asusōnečohi
sōsunečagohi
asusōnečagohi
2nd dual
sōsunečəri
asusōnečəri
sōsunečagəri
asusōnečagəri
3rd dual
sōsunečeši
asusōnečeši
sōsunečageši
asusōnečageši
sōsuneči
asusōneči
sōsunečagi
asusōnečagi
1st plur.
sōsunečohon
asusōnečohon
sōsunečagohon
asusōnečagohon
2nd plur.
sōsunečəron
asusōnečəron
sōsunečagəron
asusōnečagəron
3rd plur.
sōsunečešon
asusōnečešon
sōsunečagešon
asusōnečagešon
sōsunečon
asusōnečon
sōsunečagon
asusōnečagon

Non-finite forms

The non-finite verbal forms are:

Infinitive

There are two infinitival forms, the primary infinitive, which is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and the secondary infinitive. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root.

The primary infinitive is formed through the ending -em, while the secondary infinitive through the ending -iga.

present
preterite
primary
sōsunem
asusōnem
secondary
sōsuniga
asusōniga

Both infinitives are nominal forms of a verb. They can be used as such in sentences and they can be declined. They are regarded as class II nouns.

They have different usages:

  • The primary infinitive is mostly used in main clauses as a verbal noun, with modal verbs or with the negative verb īsem.
  • The secondary infinitive is mostly used in dependent clauses, or in the verbal conjugation for the formation of the future tenses.

Their usage as a pure nominal form as quite limited.

Participle

There are two participial forms, the agentive participle and the passive participle. Both infinitives have a present and a past form, respectively built on the present root and on the preterite root.

The agentive participle is formed through the ending -īdu, while the passive participle through the ending -ugi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.

present
preterite
agentive
sōsunīdu
asusōnīdu
passive
sōsunugi
asusōnugi

The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. It is often used to build relative clauses. As an adjectival form it thus displays a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes, but agreeing with its adjoining noun.

The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state. Despite the lack of a verbal passive form, this participle is the closest form to such role. It can, however, be used only as an adjective and it is often used to build relative clauses.

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