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| When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article. | | When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article. |
|
| |
| ====Passive diathesis====
| |
| The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, ''to come'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
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|
| |
| The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
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|
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| =====Indicative mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Subjunctive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Conditional mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup>st</sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''present''''' || kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''imperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''preterite''''' || kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''plusquamperfect''''' || áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''anterior future''''' || kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''future in the past''''' || áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Infinitive mood=====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional present''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Examples:
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 180px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative present''''' || kiɣam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''indicative past''''' || kiɣam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive present''''' || kiɣinam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''subjunctive past''''' || kiɣinam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional present''''' || kiɣasam ránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''''conditional past''''' || kiɣasam áránosuɣi
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
Conjugation of a regular verb
Sample verb: sōsunem, to confuse
Indicative mood
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the present root:
| 1st sing. |
sōsunow
|
| 2nd sing. |
sōsunər
|
| 3rd sing. |
sōsuneš
|
| sōsun
|
| 1st dual |
sōsunohi
|
| 2nd dual |
sōsunəri
|
| 3rd dual |
sōsuneši
|
| sōsuni
|
| 1st plur. |
sōsunohon
|
| 2nd plur. |
sōsunəron
|
| 3rd plur. |
sōsunešon
|
| sōsunon
|
In the short form of the 3rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant:
uligem → ulik
to die → he/she/it dies
The present tense conveys ongoing, habitual or gnomic actions or states.
Preterite tense
The preterite is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the preterite root:
| 1st sing. |
asusōnow
|
| 2nd sing. |
asusōnər
|
| 3rd sing. |
asusōneš
|
| asusōn
|
| 1st dual |
asusōnohi
|
| 2nd dual |
asusōnəri
|
| 3rd dual |
asusōneši
|
| asusōni
|
| 1st plur. |
asusōnohon
|
| 2nd plur. |
asusōnəron
|
| 3rd plur. |
asusōnešon
|
| asusōnon
|
In the short form of the 3rd singular person, which features the null ending, irregularities may often occur, like an alteration of the last root consonant (basically the same alteration as in the present tense):
uligem → eluk
to die → he/she/it died
The preterite tense conveys completed, ongoing or habitual actions or states in the past, without any influence on the present.
Perfect tense
The perfect is a simple tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the present root:
| 1st sing. |
sōsunow
|
| 2nd sing. |
sōsunagər
|
| 3rd sing. |
sōsunageš
|
| sōsunag
|
| 1st dual |
sōsunagohi
|
| 2nd dual |
sōsunagəri
|
| 3rd dual |
sōsunageši
|
| sōsunagi
|
| 1st plur. |
sōsunagohon
|
| 2nd plur. |
sōsunagəron
|
| 3rd plur. |
sōsunagešon
|
| sōsunagon
|
The perfect tense conveys actions or states which have taken place in the past, but which still can have an influence on the present. It also may convey an action or a state which have begun in the past but it is still ongoing in the present.
Plusquamperfect tense
The plusquamperfect is a compound tense. The infix -ag- and the personal endings are added to the past root:
| 1st sing. |
asusōnagow
|
| 2nd sing. |
asusōnagər
|
| 3rd sing. |
asusōnageš
|
| asusōnag
|
| 1st dual |
asusōnagohi
|
| 2nd dual |
asusōnagəri
|
| 3rd dual |
asusōnageši
|
| asusōnagi
|
| 1st plur. |
asusōnagohon
|
| 2nd plur. |
asusōnagəron
|
| 3rd plur. |
asusōnagešon
|
| asusōnon
|
The plusquamperfect tense conveys actions or states which had taken place before another past action or state, but which still had an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which had begun in the past but it is still ongoing during another past action or state.
Future tense
The future is a compound tense. It is built with the present secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:
| 1st sing. |
sōsuniga imēhow
|
| 2nd sing. |
sōsuniga imēhər
|
| 3rd sing. |
sōsuniga imēheš
|
| sōsuniga imēh
|
| 1st dual |
sōsuniga imēhohi
|
| 2nd dual |
sōsuniga imēhəri
|
| 3rd dual |
sōsuniga imēheši
|
| sōsuniga imēhi
|
| 1st plur. |
sōsuniga imēhohon
|
| 2nd plur. |
sōsuniga imēhəron
|
| 3rd plur. |
sōsuniga imēhešon
|
| sōsuniga imēhon
|
The future tense conveys actions or states which will be completed, habitual or ongoing in the future.
Anterior future tense
The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the preterite secondary infinitive of the conjugated verb and the indicative present forms of the verb imēhem, to go:
| 1st sing. |
asusōniga imēhow
|
| 2nd sing. |
asusōniga imēhər
|
| 3rd sing. |
asusōniga imēheš
|
| asusōniga imēh
|
| 1st dual |
asusōniga imēhohi
|
| 2nd dual |
asusōniga imēhəri
|
| 3rd dual |
asusōniga imēheši
|
| asusōniga imēhi
|
| 1st plur. |
asusōniga imēhohon
|
| 2nd plur. |
asusōniga imēhəron
|
| 3rd plur. |
asusōniga imēhešon
|
| asusōniga imēhon
|
The anterior future tense conveys actions or states which will take place before another future action or state, but which will still have an influence on that time. It also may convey an action or a state which will begin in the past of a future moment but it will be still ongoing during another future action or state.
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood is mostly used in dependent clauses, with several usages. Its usage in main clauses is quite limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation, desire, and wish.
The subjunctive widely features the infix -oč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.
|
present |
preterite |
perfect |
plusquamperfect
|
| 1st sing. |
sōsunočow |
asusōnočow |
sōsunočagow |
asusōnočagow
|
| 2nd sing. |
sōsunočər |
asusōnočər |
sōsunočagər |
asusōnočagər
|
| 3rd sing. |
sōsunočeš |
asusōnočeš |
sōsunočageš |
asusōnočageš
|
| sōsunoč |
asusōnoč |
sōsunočag |
asusōnočag
|
| 1st dual |
sōsunočohi |
asusōnočohi |
sōsunočagohi |
asusōnočagohi
|
| 2nd dual |
sōsunočəri |
asusōnočəri |
sōsunočagəri |
asusōnočagəri
|
| 3rd dual |
sōsunočeši |
asusōnočeši |
sōsunočageši |
asusōnočageši
|
| sōsunoči |
asusōnoči |
sōsunočagi |
asusōnočagi
|
| 1st plur. |
sōsunočohon |
asusōnočohon |
sōsunočagohon |
asusōnočagohon
|
| 2nd plur. |
sōsunočəron |
asusōnočəron |
sōsunočagəron |
asusōnočagəron
|
| 3rd plur. |
sōsunočešon |
asusōnočešon |
sōsunočagešon |
asusōnočagešon
|
| sōsunočon |
asusōnočon |
sōsunočagon |
asusōnočagon
|
Potential mood
The potential mood is used to convey potentiality and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses. In a figurative sense it may convey doubt and uncertainty.
The potential widely features the infix -eč-, which is placed between the roots and the personal endings. In the perfect and plusquamperfect tenses, it is added before the infix -ag-. However, the subjunctive lacks both future and anterior future tenses, replaced by their indicative counterparts.
|
present |
preterite |
perfect |
plusquamperfect
|
| 1st sing. |
sōsunečow |
asusōnečow |
sōsunečagow |
asusōnečagow
|
| 2nd sing. |
sōsunečər |
asusōnečər |
sōsunečagər |
asusōnečagər
|
| 3rd sing. |
sōsunečeš |
asusōnečeš |
sōsunečageš |
asusōnečageš
|
| sōsuneč |
asusōneč |
sōsunečag |
asusōnečag
|
| 1st dual |
sōsunečohi |
asusōnečohi |
sōsunečagohi |
asusōnečagohi
|
| 2nd dual |
sōsunečəri |
asusōnečəri |
sōsunečagəri |
asusōnečagəri
|
| 3rd dual |
sōsunečeši |
asusōnečeši |
sōsunečageši |
asusōnečageši
|
| sōsuneči |
asusōneči |
sōsunečagi |
asusōnečagi
|
| 1st plur. |
sōsunečohon |
asusōnečohon |
sōsunečagohon |
asusōnečagohon
|
| 2nd plur. |
sōsunečəron |
asusōnečəron |
sōsunečagəron |
asusōnečagəron
|
| 3rd plur. |
sōsunečešon |
asusōnečešon |
sōsunečagešon |
asusōnečagešon
|
| sōsunečon |
asusōnečon |
sōsunečagon |
asusōnečagon
|
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
|
indicative |
subjunctive |
conditional
|
| present |
ránosam |
ránosinam |
ránosasam
|
| past |
áránosam |
áránosinam |
áránosasam
|
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2nd class noun.
In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.
Participle
There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
The active participle is formed through the ending -íðə, while the passive participle through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
|
present |
past
|
| active |
ránosíðə |
áránosíðə
|
| passive |
ránosuɣi |
áránosuɣi
|
There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
|
lîβam
|
|
present |
past
|
| active |
lîβíðə |
êβíðə
|
| passive |
lîβuɣi |
êβuɣi
|
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
