User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, ''to be'' and the modal verbs. | The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, ''to be'' and the modal verbs. | ||
======Past tense====== | |||
====== | The '''past''' is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb: | ||
The ''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || | | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>toθiræm‘</small>''</center> || style="width: 140px;"| <center>''<small>howcæm‘</small>''</center> | ||
|- | |||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>ojcof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>ojcof howciciθu</center> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center> | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojcæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojcæh howciciθu</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center> | | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ojconof tiθorjiθu</center> || <center>ojconof howciciθu</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center> | | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>ojconæh tiθorjiθu</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>ojconæh howciciθu</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' | | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses. | The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses. | ||
=====Non-finite forms===== | =====Non-finite forms===== | ||
Revision as of 06:00, 17 June 2025
Conjugation of regular verbs
Sample verbs: as a strong verb, toθiræm‘, to have, to own, as a weak verb, howcæm‘, to throw
Active diathesis
Indicative mood
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The personal endings are directly added to the present verbal root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be, is shown:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
The present tense conveys habitual or gnomic actions or states, but it can also convey ongoing action or states of those verbs lacking continuous tenses.
Present continuous tense
The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, to be and the modal verbs.
Past tense
The past is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
There are, however, a limited amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the verbs ojæm‘, to be, and jimæm‘, to go, is shown:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
The past tense conveys complete, habitual, or gnomic actions or states in the past, but it can also convey ongoing action or states in the past of those verbs lacking continuous tenses.
Past continuous tense
The past continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the past. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, to be and the modal verbs.
Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative past forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The pluperfect tense conveys completed actions or states before another past action or state.
Future tense
The future has two possible construction, both as a compound tense:
- It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb gjixæm‘, to want, with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
- It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb jimæm‘, to go, with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Both constructions convey complete, habitual, or ongoing actions or states in the future, with slightly different meamings:
- The construction with the auxiliary verb gjixæm‘ conveys a meaning of intention and will.
- The construction with the auxiliary verb jimæm‘ conveys a meaning of unpredictability, casuality or sudden decision.
In both constructions, this tense is regarded as essentially regular, without continuous forms.
Anterior future tense
The anterior future is a compound tense. It is built with the indicative present forms of the verb jimæm‘, to go, with the subjunctive present infinitive form of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
In the construction of the anterior future tense only the past forms of the auxiliary verb jimæm‘ are used. The differences in meaning in the future are not taken into consideration.
This tense is regarded as essentially regular.
The anterior future tense conveys completed conveys actions or states which will be completed before another future action or state.
Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood has overall limited usages, mostly in dependent clauses, in the so-called personal constructional. It usage in main clauses is extremely limited, except for its role as an imperative form. It can also convey exhortation or wish.
It distinguishes far fewer tenses than the indicative mood, only present, past and pluperfect tenses, In the present tense, the subjunctive features the infix -iñ-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The infix -iñ- and the personal endings are added to the present verbal root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be, is shown:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Past tense
The past is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
There are, however, a limited amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the verbs ojæm‘, to be, and jimæm‘, to go, is shown:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
Pluperfect tense
The pluperfect is a compound tense. It is built with the subjunctive past forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
Conditional mood
The conditional mood is used to convey wish and probability. It is regularly used both in main and dependent clauses.
It distinguishes far fewer tenses than the indicative mood, only present, continuous present and past tenses, In the present tense, the conditional features the infix -æc-, which is placed between the root and the personal endings.
Present tense
The present is a simple tense. The infix -æc- and the personal endings are added to the present verbal root:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs. Among these verbs the conjugation of the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, to be, is shown:
| 1st sing. | |
| 2nd sing. | |
| 3rd sing. | |
| 1st plur. | |
| 2nd plur. | |
| 3rd plur. |
Present continuous tense
The present continuous is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active present participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The present continuous tense conveys ongoing actions or states in the present. Not every verb has continuous forms, like ojæm‘, to be and the modal verbs.
Past tense
The past is a compound tense. It is built with the conditional present forms of the verb ojæm‘, to be, with the undeclined active past participle of the conjugated verb:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. |
This tense is regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
The usages of the conditional preterite tense are essentially limited to dependent clauses.
Non-finite forms
The non-finite verbal forms are:
Infinitive
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment. It can take the modal infixes, thus forming a subjunctive and a conditional form.
| present | |||
| past |
The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, but it cannot be declined as a normal noun; a declension is possible only through the prepositive article. It is regarded as a 2nd class noun.
In its indicative form it is often used as object of modal and auxiliary verbs, while the subjunctive and the conditional forms are mostly used in dependent clauses.
Participle
There are two participial forms, the active participle, and the passive participle. They are used primarily in verbal conjugation, but they can also have an adjectival role, adjoining a noun and pointing to an active or passive role of such noun in the action.
The active participle is formed through the ending -íðə, while the passive participle through the ending -uɣi. They have a present and a past form, this last formed through the augment.
| active | ||
| passive |
There are, however, a sizeable amount of verbs, with irregular forms, usually due to the augment. The augment prefix can merge with the verbal root, with possible prominent alterations.
| active | ||
| passive | ||
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action. The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. IIt is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
When they are used in the verbal conjugation, participles are deemed as indeclinable forms, while if they are used as adjectives they follow the same rule of qualifying adjectives and are declined through the prepositive article.
Passive diathesis
The passive diathesis displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb kiɣam, to come with the various forms of the passive participle.
The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis.
Indicative mood
| present | indicative present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| imperfect | indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| preterite | indicative present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| plusquamperfect | indicative imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future | indicative future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| anterior future | indicative future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future in the past | indicative future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| present | kiɣò ránosuɣi, ... |
| imperfect | áɣiɣò ránosuɣi, ... |
| preterite | kiɣò áránosuɣi, ... |
| plusquamperfect | áɣiɣò áránosuɣi, ... |
| future | kiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
| anterior future | kiɣò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ... |
| future in the past | áɣiɣò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
Subjunctive mood
| present | subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| imperfect | subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| preterite | subjunctive present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| plusquamperfect | subjunctive imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future | subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| anterior future | subjunctive future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future in the past | subjunctive future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| present | kiɣinò ránosuɣi, ... |
| imperfect | áɣiɣinò ránosuɣi, ... |
| preterite | kiɣinò áránosuɣi, ... |
| plusquamperfect | áɣiɣinò áránosuɣi, ... |
| future | kiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
| anterior future | kiɣinò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ... |
| future in the past | áɣiɣinò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
Conditional mood
| present | conditional present forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| imperfect | conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| preterite | conditional present forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| plusquamperfect | conditional imperfect forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future | conditional future forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| anterior future | conditional future forms of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| future in the past | conditional future in the past forms of kiɣam + present passive participle |
Examples (for each tense only the 1st person singular form is shown):
| present | kiɣasò ránosuɣi, ... |
| imperfect | áɣiɣasò ránosuɣi, ... |
| preterite | kiɣasò áránosuɣi, ... |
| plusquamperfect | áɣiɣasò áránosuɣi, ... |
| future | kiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
| anterior future | kiɣasò kiɣam áránosuɣi, ... |
| future in the past | áɣiɣasò kiɣam ránosuɣi, ... |
Infinitive mood
| indicative present | indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| indicative past | indicative infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| subjunctive present | subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| subjunctive past | subjunctive infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle |
| conditional present | conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + present passive participle |
| conditional past | conditional infinitive form of kiɣam + past passive participle |
Examples:
| indicative present | kiɣam ránosuɣi |
| indicative past | kiɣam áránosuɣi |
| subjunctive present | kiɣinam ránosuɣi |
| subjunctive past | kiɣinam áránosuɣi |
| conditional present | kiɣasam ránosuɣi |
| conditional past | kiɣasam áránosuɣi |
