User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Verbs in | Verbs in Žérði language usually have a multisyllabic form. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles. | ||
On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form: | On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form: | ||
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The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns: | The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns: | ||
kotnez | ɔn kotnez | ||
<small>I hear</small> | <small>I hear</small> | ||
kotnez | ešeš kotnez | ||
<small>you (pl.) hear</small> | <small>you (pl.) hear</small> | ||
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''. | The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''. | ||
kotnez | pɔ kotnez gu | ||
<small>hear | <small>past - hear - perfective</small> | ||
The aspectual particles are: | The aspectual particles are: | ||
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| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | | style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''progressive'' || <center> | | ''progressive'' || <center>moč</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''perfective'' || <center> | | ''perfective'' || <center>gu</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''resultative'' || <center>bo</center> | | ''resultative'' || <center>bo</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''habitual'' || <center> | | ''habitual'' || <center>aβ</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''repetitive'' || <center>rɔp</center> | | ''repetitive'' || <center>rɔp</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''experiential'' || <center> | | ''experiential'' || <center>ça</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''prospective'' || <center> | | ''prospective'' || <center>hes</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a ''gnomic aspect'', namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples: | The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a ''gnomic aspect'', namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples: | ||
kotnez | ɔn kotnez | ||
<small>I hear (always)</small> | <small>I hear (always)</small> | ||
kotnez | ɔn kotnez moč | ||
<small>I am hearing</small> | <small>I am hearing</small> | ||
kotnez | ɔn kotnez gu | ||
<small>I heard</small> | <small>I heard</small> | ||
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| ''past'' || <center>pɔ</center> | | ''past'' || <center>pɔ</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''future'' || <center> | | ''future'' || <center>sá</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, they are somehow tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They tend to be placed | Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, they are somehow tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They tend to be placed before the verb. | ||
These forms are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed. The temporal referement is substantially indefinite and they are not expressed if a more definite temporal referement is already present in the clause. | These forms are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed. The temporal referement is substantially indefinite and they are not expressed if a more definite temporal referement is already present in the clause. | ||
kotnez | ɔn sá kotnez moč | ||
<small>I will be hearing</small> | <small>I will be hearing</small> | ||
kotnez bo | ɔn re kotnez bo | ||
<small>I've heard just a bit ago</small> | <small>I've heard just a bit ago</small> | ||
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, | Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, tí, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and nítí, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''imperative'' || <center> | | ''imperative'' || <center>tí</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''prohibitive'' || <center> | | ''prohibitive'' || <center>nítí</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used | The particle tí is placed after both the verb and any aspectual particle. The particle nítí, conversely, is placed before both the verb and any temporal particle. | ||
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. | |||
goča tí | |||
<small>go!</small> | <small>go!</small> | ||
goča gu tí | |||
<small>go! (up to destination)</small> | <small>go! (up to destination)</small> | ||
eš goča tí mu uč nítí goča | |||
<small>you go, but he | <small>you go, but he must not go!</small> | ||
Revision as of 04:36, 12 June 2025
Verbs
Verbs in Žérði language usually have a multisyllabic form. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
kotnez (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
ɔn kotnez I hear
ešeš kotnez you (pl.) hear
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.
pɔ kotnez gu past - hear - perfective
The aspectual particles are:
| progressive | |
| perfective | |
| resultative | |
| habitual | |
| repetitive | |
| experiential | |
| prospective |
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a gnomic aspect, namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
ɔn kotnez I hear (always)
ɔn kotnez moč I am hearing
ɔn kotnez gu I heard
The temporal particles are:
| present | |
| past | |
| future |
Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, they are somehow tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They tend to be placed before the verb.
These forms are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed. The temporal referement is substantially indefinite and they are not expressed if a more definite temporal referement is already present in the clause.
ɔn sá kotnez moč I will be hearing
ɔn re kotnez bo I've heard just a bit ago
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, tí, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and nítí, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle.
| imperative | |
| prohibitive |
The particle tí is placed after both the verb and any aspectual particle. The particle nítí, conversely, is placed before both the verb and any temporal particle.
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used.
goča tí go!
goča gu tí go! (up to destination)
eš goča tí mu uč nítí goča you go, but he must not go!
