User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Verbs in | Verbs in Pı̇ħ language usually have a monosyllabic form, or a multisyllabic form, if morphologically derived. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles. | ||
On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form: | On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form: | ||
'''rjos''' | |||
<small>(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear</small> | <small>(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear</small> | ||
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns: | The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns: | ||
'''ŋọ rjos''' | |||
<small>I hear</small> | <small>I hear</small> | ||
'''sȧ ʔẹ rjos''' | |||
<small>you (pl.) hear</small> | <small>you (pl.) hear</small> | ||
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey | The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''. | ||
'''hı̣wŋ rjos xȯ''' | |||
<small>hear - | <small>past - hear - perfective</small> | ||
Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form. | Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form. | ||
The aspectual particles | The aspectual particles are: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>'' | | style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''progressive'' || <center> | | ''progressive'' || <center>'''ɴjạ'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''perfective'' || <center> | | ''perfective'' || <center>'''xȯ'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''resultative'' || <center> | | ''resultative'' || <center>'''cjɛ̣'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''repetitive'' || <center> | | ''repetitive'' || <center>'''ɬjuj'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''experiential'' || <center> | | ''experiential'' || <center>'''ɸɔ̇'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''prospective'' || <center> | | ''prospective'' || <center>'''pwọ'''</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an '' | The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an ''habitual aspect'', namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples: | ||
'''ŋọ rjos''' | |||
<small>I hear (always)</small> | <small>I hear (always)</small> | ||
'''ŋọ rjos ɴjạ''' | |||
<small>I am hearing</small> | <small>I am hearing</small> | ||
'''ŋọ rjos xȯ''' | |||
<small>I heard</small> | <small>I heard</small> | ||
The temporal particles are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''time''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | | style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''time''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''now'' || <center>'''rɔj'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''distant past'' || <center> | | ''past'' || <center>'''hı̣wŋ'''</center> | ||
|- | |||
| ''future'' || <center>'''ku̇x'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| ''distant past'' || <center>'''rjɛ̇w'''</center> | |||
|} | |} | ||
Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed: | |||
'''ŋọ hı̣wŋ rjos''' | |||
<small>I | <small>I used to hear (always)</small> | ||
'''ŋọ ku̇x rjos ɴjạ''' | |||
<small>I will be hearing</small> | <small>I will be hearing</small> | ||
'''ŋọ rɔj rjos xȯ''' | |||
<small>I | <small>I heard (right a bit ago)</small> | ||
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, | Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, '''sjı̇''', which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and '''sjȧ''', which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 87: | Line 83: | ||
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''imperative'' || <center> | | ''imperative'' || <center>'''sjı̇'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''prohibitive'' || <center> | | ''prohibitive'' || <center>'''sjȧ'''</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed | These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed at the end of the verbal cluster. | ||
'''tı̇h sjı̇''' | |||
<small>go!</small> | <small>go!</small> | ||
'''tı̇h xȯ sjı̇''' | |||
<small>go! (up to destination)</small> | <small>go! (up to destination)</small> | ||
'''sȧ tı̇h sjı̇ ɬa ɬė ʔjɛ̇n sjı̇''' | |||
<small>you go, but he stay!</small> | <small>you go, but he stay!</small> | ||
Revision as of 02:09, 12 June 2025
Verbs
Verbs in Pı̇ħ language usually have a monosyllabic form, or a multisyllabic form, if morphologically derived. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
rjos (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
ŋọ rjos I hear
sȧ ʔẹ rjos you (pl.) hear
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.
hı̣wŋ rjos xȯ past - hear - perfective
Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form.
The aspectual particles are:
| progressive | |
| perfective | |
| resultative | |
| repetitive | |
| experiential | |
| prospective |
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an habitual aspect, namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
ŋọ rjos I hear (always)
ŋọ rjos ɴjạ I am hearing
ŋọ rjos xȯ I heard
The temporal particles are:
| now | |
| past | |
| future | |
| distant past |
Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed:
ŋọ hı̣wŋ rjos I used to hear (always)
ŋọ ku̇x rjos ɴjạ I will be hearing
ŋọ rɔj rjos xȯ I heard (right a bit ago)
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, sjı̇, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and sjȧ, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle.
| imperative | |
| prohibitive |
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed at the end of the verbal cluster.
tı̇h sjı̇ go!
tı̇h xȯ sjı̇ go! (up to destination)
sȧ tı̇h sjı̇ ɬa ɬė ʔjɛ̇n sjı̇ you go, but he stay!
