User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Verbs in | Verbs in Bīṙ language usually have a monosyllabic form, or a multisyllabic form, if morphologically derived. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles. | ||
On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form: | On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form: | ||
ŕos | |||
<small>(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear</small> | <small>(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear</small> | ||
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns: | The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns: | ||
no̱ ŕos | |||
<small>I hear</small> | <small>I hear</small> | ||
sā e̱ ŕos | |||
<small>you (pl.) hear</small> | <small>you (pl.) hear</small> | ||
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''. | The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''. | ||
ṙy̱n ŕos hō | |||
<small>past - hear - perfective</small> | <small>past - hear - perfective</small> | ||
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| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | | style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''progressive'' || <center> | | ''progressive'' || <center>h́a̱</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''perfective'' || <center> | | ''perfective'' || <center>hō</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''resultative'' || <center> | | ''resultative'' || <center>ćɛ̱</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''repetitive'' || <center> | | ''repetitive'' || <center>ʎý</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''experiential'' || <center> | | ''experiential'' || <center>vɔ̄</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''prospective'' || <center> | | ''prospective'' || <center>bo̱</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an ''habitual aspect'', namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples: | The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an ''habitual aspect'', namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples: | ||
no̱ ŕos | |||
<small>I hear (always)</small> | <small>I hear (always)</small> | ||
no̱ ŕos h́a̱ | |||
<small>I am hearing</small> | <small>I am hearing</small> | ||
no̱ ŕos hō | |||
<small>I heard</small> | <small>I heard</small> | ||
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| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''time''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | | style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''time''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''now'' || <center> | | ''now'' || <center>rɛ́</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''past'' || <center> | | ''past'' || <center>ṙy̱n</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''future'' || <center> | | ''future'' || <center>gūh</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''distant past'' || <center> | | ''distant past'' || <center>ŕœ̄̀</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed: | Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed: | ||
no̱ ṙy̱n ŕos | |||
<small>I used to hear (always)</small> | <small>I used to hear (always)</small> | ||
no̱ gūh ŕos h́a̱ | |||
<small>I will be hearing</small> | <small>I will be hearing</small> | ||
no̱ rɛ́ ŕos hō | |||
<small>I heard (right a bit ago)</small> | <small>I heard (right a bit ago)</small> | ||
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, | Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, śı̄, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and śā, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''imperative'' || <center> | | ''imperative'' || <center>śı̄</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''prohibitive'' || <center> | | ''prohibitive'' || <center>śā</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed at the end of the verbal cluster. | These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed at the end of the verbal cluster. | ||
dı śı̄ | |||
<small>go!</small> | <small>go!</small> | ||
dı hō śı̄ | |||
<small>go! (up to destination)</small> | <small>go! (up to destination)</small> | ||
sā | sā dı śı̄ la lē ɛ̄n śı̄ | ||
<small>you go, but he stay!</small> | <small>you go, but he stay!</small> | ||
Revision as of 01:51, 12 June 2025
Verbs
Verbs in Bīṙ language usually have a monosyllabic form, or a multisyllabic form, if morphologically derived. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
ŕos (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
no̱ ŕos I hear
sā e̱ ŕos you (pl.) hear
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.
ṙy̱n ŕos hō past - hear - perfective
Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form.
The aspectual particles are:
| progressive | |
| perfective | |
| resultative | |
| repetitive | |
| experiential | |
| prospective |
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an habitual aspect, namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
no̱ ŕos I hear (always)
no̱ ŕos h́a̱ I am hearing
no̱ ŕos hō I heard
The temporal particles are:
| now | |
| past | |
| future | |
| distant past |
Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed:
no̱ ṙy̱n ŕos I used to hear (always)
no̱ gūh ŕos h́a̱ I will be hearing
no̱ rɛ́ ŕos hō I heard (right a bit ago)
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, śı̄, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and śā, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle.
| imperative | |
| prohibitive |
These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed at the end of the verbal cluster.
dı śı̄ go!
dı hō śı̄ go! (up to destination)
sā dı śı̄ la lē ɛ̄n śı̄ you go, but he stay!
