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| | The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an ''habitual aspect'', namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples: |
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| CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C | | ŋọ rjos |
| Example:
| | <small>I hear (always)</small> |
| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gagok- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = gogak- | |
| Although considerably rare, there are some irregular perfective roots.
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| In disyllabic verbal root, all vowels are involved in the switching process.
| | ŋọ rjos ɴjạ |
| | <small>I am hearing</small> |
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| However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root:
| | ŋọ rjos xȯ |
| | | <small>I heard</small> |
| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gū́nḗɣow- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = gū́noɣḗw- | |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hā́kisok- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hikā́sok- | |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hɑtsɑgewṓr- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hɑtsegɑwṓr-
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| Another distinction is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “''present''”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix ʔa-, known as ''augment'', which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence.
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gagok- → '''R<sub>imp-past</sub>''' = ʔagagok-
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| There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:
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| * ''Moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional
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| * ''Non-finite'': infinitive, agentive participle, passive participle
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| The citation form of verbs is the present imperfective infinitive, marked by the ending -ɑme, added to the imperfective root in its present form. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.
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| The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
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| | The temporal particles are: |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-ow</center> | | | style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''time''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center> |
| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-er</center>
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| |-
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-ɑt</center>
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| |-
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| | <center>-</center>
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-onow</center>
| | | ''now'' || <center>'''rɔj'''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-oner</center> | | | ''past'' || <center>'''hı̣wŋ'''</center> |
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-onɑt</center>
| | | ''future'' || <center>'''ku̇x'''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>-on</center> | | | ''distant past'' || <center>'''rjɛ̇w'''</center> |
| |} | | |} |
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| The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings:
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| *''indicative'': Ø
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| *''subjunctive'': -iñ-
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| *''conditional'': -ɑts-
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| The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.
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| As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots and add the past prefix. They can also add the modal infixes before their typical endings.
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| The non-finite endings are:
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| *''infinitive'': -ɑme
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| *''agentive participle'': -ī́to
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| *''passive participle'': -uki
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| The infinitival form is meant as a 2<sup>nd</sup> class noun.
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Verbs
Verbs in Pı̇ħ usually have a monosyllabic form, or a multisyllabic form, if morphologically derived. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
On the morphological level the verb display no person, or number, exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
rjos
(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear
The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
ŋọ rjos
I hear
sȧ ʔẹ rjos
you (pl.) hear
The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called verb cluster.
hı̣wŋ rjos xȯ
past - hear - perfective
Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form.
The aspectual particles are:
| aspect |
particle
|
| progressive |
ɴjạ
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| perfective |
xȯ
|
| resultative |
cjɛ̣
|
| repetitive |
ɬjuj
|
| experiential |
ɸɔ̇
|
| prospective |
pwọ
|
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an habitual aspect, namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
ŋọ rjos
I hear (always)
ŋọ rjos ɴjạ
I am hearing
ŋọ rjos xȯ
I heard
The temporal particles are:
| time |
particle
|
| now |
rɔj
|
| past |
hı̣wŋ
|
| future |
ku̇x
|
| distant past |
rjɛ̇w
|
