User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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*''passive participle'': '''-uki''' | *''passive participle'': '''-uki''' | ||
As these endings infer a nominal/adjectival value to the root, without altering the aspectual information, these infixes are not involved in the vowel switching process. | |||
Verbal roots can be also expanded by derivative morpheme, both suffixes and prefixes. Suffixes infer an additional grammatical information, while prefixes infer an additional semantical meaning to the root: | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''ʔimeːχek-''' → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = '''ʔeːmiχek-''' | |||
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = | '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''muːʔimeːχ-''' → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = '''muːʔeːmiχ-''' | ||
As these endings infer a derivative value to the root, without altering the aspectual information, these infixes are not involved in the vowel switching process. A notable exception affects the monosyllabic roots with a '''CVC''' structures. These endings, when added to such roots, can be involved in the vowel switching process, as they can infer a grammatical information, also an aspectual one. | |||
'''ʔæɳ-''' → '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''ʔæɳek-''' → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = '''ʔeɳæk-''' | |||
Revision as of 06:15, 9 June 2025
Verbs
The main distinction made in the verbal system of Proto-Piti language is based on the fundamental dichotomy between imperfective aspect and perfective aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots, with a CVCVC structure, for every verbal meaning, the imperfective root (Rimp) and the perfective root (Rprf).
The basic form is generally the imperfective root. The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
CV1CV2C → CV2CV1C
Example:
Rimp = ŋaŋok- → Rprf = ŋoŋak-
There is a limited amount of verbal roots with a CVC structure, called monosyllabic roots. These roots do not have a perfective counterpart, not displaying, thus, the usual introflexive process of vowel switching.
Rimp = tʰaːŋ-
These roots display thus only one aspect, usually the imperfective.
Another distinction, newer than the aspectual distinction, is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “present”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix ʔa-, known as augment, which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence.
Rimp = ŋaŋok- → Rimp-past = ʔaŋaŋok- Rimp = tʰaːŋ- → Rimp-past = ʔatʰaːŋ-
The following modal infixes can be added to every verbal root:
- indicative: Ø
- subjunctive: -iɳ-
- optative: -oṕ-
- potential: -æʈ-
As they infer a modal value to the root, without altering the aspectual information, these infixes are not involved in the vowel switching process.
In the archaic period, the verb is not declined for person or bumber, and the original personal pronoun are mandatorily used to convey the first and the second person. Since the word order is initially VSO, these pronouns are placed right after the verbal form. They are then cliticized to the verb, turning into actual personal endings. In an earlier stage, these endings convey only the first two persons, without distinguishing any number.
| Personal morphemes | |
| -oɬ | |
| -er | |
The third person displays two possible endings: -æt́, derived from the demonstrative pronominal root, and -Ø, namely a zero marking. This dichotomy arises from the original lacking of any personal marking when the subject is clearly expressed. Usage of such ending, however, remain significantly unclear and the daughter languages display different strategies in their development.
Number marking appears in a later, but still pre-diasporic, period. It is considerably free and unstable. Similarly to the nominal declension, numeral morphemes can be freely placed before or after the personal morphemes.
| Numeral morphemes | |
| - | |
| -on | |
| -iʔ | |
In the later pre-diasporic period, the scheme of the personal endings looks like this:
| 1st sing. | ||
| 2nd sing. | ||
| 3rd sing. | ||
| 1st dual | ||
| 2nd dual | ||
| 3rd dual | ||
| 1st plur. | ||
| 2nd plur. | ||
| 3rd plur. | ||
These endings are added after the modal infixes. As they derive from pronominal or numeral cliticized forms, these endings are not involved in the vowel switching process.
There are, moreover, other endings, which are used to create non-verbal non-finite forms. There are two nominal forms, the infinitive1, and the the infinitive2, and two adjectival forms, the active participle and the passive participle. These endings can be added to both aspectual root and take the augment, to convey their aspectual and temporal value..
- infinitive1: -æme
- infinitive2: -ika
- agentive participle: -iːto
- passive participle: -uki
As these endings infer a nominal/adjectival value to the root, without altering the aspectual information, these infixes are not involved in the vowel switching process.
Verbal roots can be also expanded by derivative morpheme, both suffixes and prefixes. Suffixes infer an additional grammatical information, while prefixes infer an additional semantical meaning to the root:
Rimp = ʔimeːχek- → Rprf = ʔeːmiχek-
Rimp = muːʔimeːχ- → Rprf = muːʔeːmiχ-
As these endings infer a derivative value to the root, without altering the aspectual information, these infixes are not involved in the vowel switching process. A notable exception affects the monosyllabic roots with a CVC structures. These endings, when added to such roots, can be involved in the vowel switching process, as they can infer a grammatical information, also an aspectual one.
ʔæɳ- → Rimp = ʔæɳek- → Rprf = ʔeɳæk-
