User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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The basic form is generally the imperfective root. The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
The basic form is generally the imperfective root. The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
   
   
'''CV<sub>1</sub>CV<sub>2</sub>C''' → '''CV<sub>2</sub>CV<sub>1</sub>C'''
'''CV<sub>1</sub>CV<sub>2</sub>C''' → '''CV<sub>2</sub>CV<sub>1</sub>C'''


Example:
Example:
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  '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''tʰaːŋ-'''
  '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''tʰaːŋ-'''


These roots display thus an radici presentano quindi una sola valenza aspettuale, generalmente imperfettiva.
These roots display thus only one aspect, usually the ''imperfective''.


However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root:
Another distinction, newer than the aspectual distinction, is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “''present''”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix '''ʔa-''', known as ''augment'', which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence.


  '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gū́nḗɣow- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = gū́noɣḗw-
  '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''ŋaŋok-''' → '''R<sub>imp-past</sub>''' = '''ʔaŋaŋok-'''
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''tʰaːŋ-''' → '''R<sub>imp-past</sub>''' = '''ʔatʰaːŋ-'''


'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hā́kisok- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hikā́sok-
The following modal infixes can be added to every verbal root:
 
*''indicative'': '''Ø'''
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hɑtsɑgewṓr- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hɑtsegɑwṓr-
*''subjunctive'': '''-iɳ-'''
 
*''optative'': '''-oṕ-'''
Another distinction is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “''present''”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix ʔa-, known as ''augment'', which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence.
*''potential'': '''-æʈ-'''
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gagok- → '''R<sub>imp-past</sub>''' = ʔagagok-


There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:
There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:
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The citation form of verbs is the present imperfective infinitive, marked by the ending -ɑme, added to the imperfective root in its present form. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.
The citation form of verbs is the present imperfective infinitive, marked by the ending -ɑme, added to the imperfective root in its present form. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.
However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root:
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gū́nḗɣow- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = gū́noɣḗw-
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hā́kisok- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hikā́sok-
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hɑtsɑgewṓr- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hɑtsegɑwṓr-


The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
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The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings:
*''indicative'': Ø
*''subjunctive'': -iñ-
*''conditional'': -ɑts-
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.


Revision as of 05:07, 9 June 2025

Verbs

The main distinction made in the verbal system of Proto-Piti language is based on the fundamental dichotomy between imperfective aspect and perfective aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots, with a CVCVC structure, for every verbal meaning, the imperfective root (Rimp) and the perfective root (Rprf).

The basic form is generally the imperfective root. The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching: 

CV1CV2C → CV2CV1C

Example: 

Rimp = ŋaŋok- → Rprf = ŋoŋak-

There is a limited amount of verbal roots with a CVC structure, called monosyllabic roots. These roots do not have a perfective counterpart, not displaying, thus, the usual introflexive process of vowel switching. 

Rimp = tʰaːŋ-

These roots display thus only one aspect, usually the imperfective.

Another distinction, newer than the aspectual distinction, is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “present”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix ʔa-, known as augment, which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence. 

Rimp = ŋaŋok- → Rimp-past = ʔaŋaŋok-
Rimp = tʰaːŋ- → Rimp-past = ʔatʰaːŋ-

The following modal infixes can be added to every verbal root:

  • indicative: Ø
  • subjunctive: -iɳ-
  • optative: -oṕ-
  • potential: -æʈ-

There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:

  • Moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional
  • Non-finite: infinitive, agentive participle, passive participle

The citation form of verbs is the present imperfective infinitive, marked by the ending -ɑme, added to the imperfective root in its present form. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.

However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root: 

Rimp = gū́nḗɣow- → Rprf = gū́noɣḗw-

Rimp = hā́kisok- → Rprf = hikā́sok-

Rimp = hɑtsɑgewṓr- → Rprf = hɑtsegɑwṓr-

The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:

1st sing.
-ow
2nd sing.
-er
3rd sing.
-ɑt
-
1st plur.
-onow
2nd plur.
-oner
3rd plur.
-onɑt
-on

The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.

As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots and add the past prefix. They can also add the modal infixes before their typical endings.

The non-finite endings are:

  • infinitive: -ɑme
  • agentive participle: -ī́to
  • passive participle: -uki

The infinitival form is meant as a 2nd class noun.

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