User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Adjectives and pronouns==
==Adjectives and pronouns==
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, not displaying any morphological change for either number, case or definiteness. Pronouns, while also morphologically unchanging, may exhibit different forms in the root form.  
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, mostly ending in a vowel and showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.  
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them.
Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them.


  χat nɔ̀χɛ̱́
  jṓpā́ wī́ro
  <small>a young man</small>
  <small>(the) young man</small>


  nɔ̀χɛ̱́ ɟē χat
  wī́ro jṓpā́ (ʔɑñ)
  <small>the man is young</small>
  <small>(the) man is young</small>
As the verbal copula, ʔɑñɑme, ''to be'', can be omitted when the subject is expressed in the clause, the attributive or predicative role of an adjective can be inferred only by its own position.


However, if the specified noun is sintactically definite in the sentence (<small>i.e., it has been already mentioned or it is an already known information to the speaker</small>), it adjective can be placed ''after'' it, while being introduced by the demonstrative pronoun tı̱̋, ''that one'', (or rarely by pı̱̋, ''this one''):
All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. They thus display a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes.
ɔ̄̀nhɛ̱ tı̱̋ hat
<small>the young man (lit. the man, the young one)</small>


As these pronominal forms mandatorily convey a number distinction, by having a specific plural, also the specified noun can distinguish a plural form by using these plurals:
jṓpā́ra wī́rora rḗʔo sṓgo pinkotsar wɑkitsar mḗʔis
 
<small>the young man’s new house is located in the nearby village</small>
  ɔ̄̀nhɛ̱ tɪ̂ hat
====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
  <small>the young men (lit. the men, the young ones)</small>
Example: rḗʔo, ''new''
 
{|-
This construction, called ''definite construction'', is completely optional and can be expressed only by qualifying adjectives. Every other adjective is sistematically placed before the noun.
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>rḗʔo</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''agentive''</small></center>  || rḗʔoli || rḗʔonoli
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center>  || rḗʔo|| rḗʔono
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center>  || rḗʔošu || rḗʔonošu
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || rḗʔora || rḗʔonora
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || rḗʔoɣɑ || rḗʔonoɣɑ
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center>  || rḗʔokhu || rḗʔonokhu
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center>  || rḗʔokhɑ || rḗʔonokhɑ
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center>  || rḗʔogil || rḗʔonogil
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center>  || rḗʔotsar || rḗʔonotsar
|}

Revision as of 08:37, 1 June 2025

Adjectives and pronouns

Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, mostly ending in a vowel and showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.

Adjectives

Attributive adjectives are always placed before the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed after them. 

jṓpā́ wī́ro
(the) young man

wī́ro jṓpā́ (ʔɑñ)
(the) man is young

As the verbal copula, ʔɑñɑme, to be, can be omitted when the subject is expressed in the clause, the attributive or predicative role of an adjective can be inferred only by its own position.

All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. They thus display a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes. 

jṓpā́ra wī́rora rḗʔo sṓgo pinkotsar wɑkitsar mḗʔis
the young man’s new house is located in the nearby village

Declension of qualifying adjectives

Example: rḗʔo, new

rḗʔo
singular
plural
agentive
 rḗʔoli rḗʔonoli
passive
 rḗʔo rḗʔono
ablative
 rḗʔošu rḗʔonošu
genitive
 rḗʔora rḗʔonora
dative
 rḗʔoɣɑ rḗʔonoɣɑ
causative
 rḗʔokhu rḗʔonokhu
instrumental
 rḗʔokhɑ rḗʔonokhɑ
abessive
 rḗʔogil rḗʔonogil
locative
 rḗʔotsar rḗʔonotsar
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