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=== The active-stative alignment ===
==Adjectives and pronouns==
The case system of Proto-Piti language is based on a morphological alignment called '''agentive-stative''' type (also called the ''agentive-passive'' alignment). This kind of alignment is essential different from the ''nominative-accusative'' alignment, which is widespread among most European languages, and from the even rarer ''ergative-absolutive'' alignment.
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, mostly ending in a vowel and showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them.


In an agentive-stative alignment the choice of the case relies on the intrinsic ability of the subject to be an active agent in the sentence or not. Unlike the ergative-absolutive alignment, subjects of an intransitive verb can also be agentive subjects, if the action is performed with a certain degree of animacy or intentionality. This usually also depends on the semantic nature of the verb itself. Let’s see two examples:
jṓpā́ wī́ro
*'''''to jump''''': this verb is considered as grammatically intransitive, but the described action involves an activity and a will from the subject. Thus, the alignment selects the ''agentive'' case for such subjects.
<small>(the) young man</small>
*'''''to fall''''': this verb is considered as grammatically intransitive, but the described action involves no active engagement or no active will from the subject. It is more regarded as an incidental event, even if it implies some kind of motion. Thus, the alignment selects the ''passive'' case for such subjects.
The system selects only the passive case for direct objects of transitive verbs. Potential confusion is avoided, as the agentive case and the passive case cannot be selected for two kinds of elements which may be in the same sentence.


The general usage rule for these cases is:
wī́ro jṓpā́ (ʔɑñ)
*Subject of a transitive verb: '''agentive''' case
<small>(the) man is young</small>
*Active subject of an intransitive verb: '''agentive''' case
As the verbal copula, ʔɑñɑme, ''to be'', can be omitted when the subject is expressed in the clause, the attributive or predicative role of an adjective can be inferred only by its own position.
*Inactive subject of an intransitive verb: '''passive''' case
*Direct object of a transitive verb: '''passive''' case


Since nouns referring to intrinsically inanimated entities cannot be selected as subjects of transitive verbs, sentences in which these elements might be transitive or active subjects are usually differently arrange are usually differently arranged, as such nouns cannot be in the agentive case:
All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. They thus display a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes.
  <small>the storm spoiled the harvest → '''the harvest spoiled because of the storm'''</small>
 
'''umaʈoːta ḱumeːkʰu ʔaʔosiːp(æt́)'''
jṓpā́ra wī́rora rḗʔo sṓgo pinkotsar wɑkitsar mḗʔis
However, some natural entities can be perceived as animate, as having their own will, like '''sæɳo''', ''light'', '''ṕiḱe''', ''water'', '''ʔaḱo''', ''wind/air'', and they may optionally be regarded as animate, as if they were endowed with their own will. In such cases these nouns can be active subjects of transitive verbs and be declined in the agentive case.
  <small>the young man’s new house is located in the nearby village</small>
====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
Example: rḗʔo, ''new''
{|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>rḗʔo</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''agentive''</small></center>  || rḗʔoli || rḗʔonoli
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center>  || rḗʔo|| rḗʔono
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center>  || rḗʔošu || rḗʔonošu
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center>  || rḗʔora || rḗʔonora
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center>  || rḗʔoɣɑ || rḗʔonoɣɑ
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center>  || rḗʔokhu || rḗʔonokhu
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center>  || rḗʔokhɑ || rḗʔonokhɑ
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center>  || rḗʔogil || rḗʔonogil
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center>  || rḗʔotsar || rḗʔonotsar
|}

Revision as of 02:48, 31 May 2025

Adjectives and pronouns

Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, mostly ending in a vowel and showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.

Adjectives

Attributive adjectives are always placed before the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed after them. 

jṓpā́ wī́ro
(the) young man

wī́ro jṓpā́ (ʔɑñ)
(the) man is young

As the verbal copula, ʔɑñɑme, to be, can be omitted when the subject is expressed in the clause, the attributive or predicative role of an adjective can be inferred only by its own position.

All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. They thus display a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes. 

jṓpā́ra wī́rora rḗʔo sṓgo pinkotsar wɑkitsar mḗʔis
the young man’s new house is located in the nearby village

Declension of qualifying adjectives

Example: rḗʔo, new

rḗʔo
singular
plural
agentive
 rḗʔoli rḗʔonoli
passive
 rḗʔo rḗʔono
ablative
 rḗʔošu rḗʔonošu
genitive
 rḗʔora rḗʔonora
dative
 rḗʔoɣɑ rḗʔonoɣɑ
causative
 rḗʔokhu rḗʔonokhu
instrumental
 rḗʔokhɑ rḗʔonokhɑ
abessive
 rḗʔogil rḗʔonogil
locative
 rḗʔotsar rḗʔonotsar
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