User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Noun pluralization===
==Nouns==
Nouns are declined for number according to two different models:
The noun cluster is formed by a noun, carrying the main meaning, and by other noun-type forms, namely adjectives, which specify this meaning or add other meaning to the main noun. Inside of a noun cluster, the noun can be replaced by a pronoun.
*'''Broken plural''' (or ''internal plural''):


In this process the noun builds its plural by switching its vowels in the root:
The noun usually closes the noun cluster, being preceded by every other specifying form. Thus, other elements conveying ''possession'' and ''belonging'' are always placed '''before''' the noun, as well as every attributive adjective.
līruɕu sōnu
<small>the man’s house</small>


  <small>sing.</small> tape̥ → <small>plur.</small> utpi̥
  oltuɕu lilā
  <small>father → fathers</small>
  <small>my hand</small>


  <small>sing.</small> mu̥ha → <small>plur.</small> e̥mhu
  jōbā ōna
  <small>father → fathers</small>
  <small>the young woman</small>
The role of the noun cluster in the sentence and its number are marked by case and number endings. These endings mark also other adjectival elements inside the noun cluster, resulting this in the process called ''nominal agreement''.


This pluralization process is very widespread among original roots.  
Both ''attributive'' and ''predicative'' adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify. Other elements, which convey possession or belonging do not agree with the main nominal form.


Since many basic nouns do not adhere to a define vowel switching pattern, their plural form is shown in the vocabulary.
jōbāli līruli sōnohe imēheš
<small>the young man is going home</small>


This process is also used in many derivative patterns. Since these patterns are quite regular and predictive, their plural form is not shown in the vocabulary.
oltuɕunu sōnu
<small>our house</small>


*'''Sound plural''' (or ''external plural''):
jōbāj ōnaj
<small>the two young women</small>


In this process the nound builds its plural by adding the ending -jë (to nouns ending in vowel) or -ëj (to nouns ending in vowel), without any root alterations:
ōnanu jōbānu ɛnešon
<small>the women are young</small>
The agreement among nouns and adjectives is not a universal phenomenon. Indefinite adjectives, indeed, usually do not agree with the nominal form, neither in case nor in number.


<small>sing.</small> me̥rniq → <small>plur.</small> me̥rniqëj
The grammar role of noun clusters can be further specified by ''postpositions'', which are placed after the cluster. Thus, it can be stated that the noun cluster can be closed by a postposition.
<small>mountain dweller → mountain dwellers</small>
sōnuhe ūm imēhow
 
  <small>I am going inside the house</small>
This pluralization process is widespread among loanwords and in some derivative patterns. They are usually shown in the vocabulary
 
===Noun declension===
Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun. Every ending has two different forms, whether it is added to a consonant phoneme or a vocalic phoneme:
 
{|-
| || <center><small>+ consonant</small></center> || <center><small>+ vowel</small></center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"| - || style="width: 70px;"| -
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -im || -m
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -aš || -š
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -oʔ || -ʔ
|}
 
Due to the pluralization process, nouns can display a different last phoneme in both forms. In this case the proper endings to the new last phoneme are used.
 
Some examples are shown below: a noun with a broken plural, tape̥, ''father'', and a noun with a sound plural, me̥rniq, ''mountain dweller''.
{|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>tape̥</center> || colspan="2" | <center>me̥rniq</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || tape̥ || utpi̥ || me̥rniq || me̥rniqëj
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || tape̥m || utpi̥m || me̥rniqim || me̥rniqëjim
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || tape̥š || utpi̥š || me̥rniqaš || me̥rniqëjaš
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || tape̥ʔ || utpi̥ʔ || me̥rniqoʔ || me̥rniqëjoʔ
|}

Revision as of 04:06, 5 May 2025

Nouns

The noun cluster is formed by a noun, carrying the main meaning, and by other noun-type forms, namely adjectives, which specify this meaning or add other meaning to the main noun. Inside of a noun cluster, the noun can be replaced by a pronoun.

The noun usually closes the noun cluster, being preceded by every other specifying form. Thus, other elements conveying possession and belonging are always placed before the noun, as well as every attributive adjective. 

līruɕu sōnu
the man’s house

oltuɕu lilā
my hand

jōbā ōna 
the young woman

The role of the noun cluster in the sentence and its number are marked by case and number endings. These endings mark also other adjectival elements inside the noun cluster, resulting this in the process called nominal agreement.

Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify. Other elements, which convey possession or belonging do not agree with the main nominal form. 

jōbāli līruli sōnohe imēheš
the young man is going home

oltuɕunu sōnu
our house

jōbāj ōnaj
the two young women

ōnanu jōbānu ɛnešon
the women are young

The agreement among nouns and adjectives is not a universal phenomenon. Indefinite adjectives, indeed, usually do not agree with the nominal form, neither in case nor in number.

The grammar role of noun clusters can be further specified by postpositions, which are placed after the cluster. Thus, it can be stated that the noun cluster can be closed by a postposition. 

sōnuhe ūm imēhow
I am going inside the house
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