|
|
| Line 46: |
Line 46: |
| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''Singular declension''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>'''rome'''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>'''tojme'''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuli''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papu''' || '''soːŋo''' | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''romek̇ə''' || '''romejk̇ə''' || || |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papura''' || '''-''' | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''rome''' || '''romej''' || '''tojme''' || '''tojmej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papuʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂu''' | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''romeṗu''' || '''romejṗu''' || || |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papuχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæ''' | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''romeʈu''' || '''romejʈu''' || '''tojmeʈu''' || '''tojmejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papukʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰu''' | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''romeʡo''' || '''romejʡo''' || '''tojmeʡo''' || '''tojmejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋokʰæ''' | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''romeno''' || '''romejno''' || '''tojmeno''' || '''tojmejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋoŋil''' | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''romepə''' || '''romejpə''' || '''tojmepə''' || '''tojmejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʈar''' | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || '''tojmema''' || '''tojmejma''' |
| | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || || || '''tojmewa''' || '''tojmejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. | | The endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. |
|
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''Plural declension''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>
| |
| |--
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papunoli''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''papulino''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papuno''' || '''papuno''' || '''soːŋono''' || '''soːŋono'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papunora''' || '''papurano''' || '''-''' || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papunoʂu''' || '''papuʂuno''' || '''soːŋonoʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂuno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papunoχæ''' || '''papuχæno''' || '''soːŋonoχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papunokʰu''' || '''papukʰuno''' || '''soːŋonokʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰuno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonokʰæ''' || '''soːŋokʰæno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonoŋil''' || '''soːŋoŋilno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonoʈar''' || '''soːŋoʈarno'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The plural morpheme, '''-no''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
| |
|
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''Dual declension''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>
| |
| |--
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuʔili''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuliʔi''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papuʔi''' || '''papuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papuʔira''' || '''papuraʔi''' || '''-''' || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papuʔiʂu''' || '''papuʂuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔiʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂuʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papuʔiχæ''' || '''papuχæʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔiχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papuʔikʰu''' || '''papukʰuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔikʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰuʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔikʰæ''' || '''soːŋokʰæʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔiŋil''' || '''soːŋoŋilʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔiʈar''' || '''soːŋoʈarʔi'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The dual morpheme, '''-ʔi''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
| |
Noun declension
As already mentioned, the word root has a (C)VC structure. When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫiʡ- → ṫiʡ- + -e- → ṫiʡe
human → person, human
There is, however, a limited amount of exceptions, in which the root is not expanded by any suffix, by having a clear noun role.
Nouns do decline, according to their role in the sentence for case. They also distinguish two morphological numbers, singular, and plural.
A nominal root is thus declined for case and number by adding the following morphemes:
| Numeral morphemes
|
| singular |
-
|
| plural |
-j-/-ij-
|
| Case morphemes
|
| ergative |
-k̇ə
|
| absolutive |
-
|
| possessive |
-ṗu
|
| terminative |
-ʈu
|
| ablative |
-ʡo
|
| causative |
-no
|
| abessive |
-pə
|
| instrumental |
-ma
|
| locative |
-wa
|
The numeral morpheme is always placed before the case morphemes. The form -ij- is added after a semivowel.
Some examples are shown below: a typical active or animate noun, rome, father, and a typical inactive or inanimate noun, tojme, house.
|
rome |
tojme
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
romek̇ə |
romejk̇ə |
|
|
| absolutive |
rome |
romej |
tojme |
tojmej
|
| possessive |
romeṗu |
romejṗu |
|
|
| terminative |
romeʈu |
romejʈu |
tojmeʈu |
tojmejʈu
|
| ablative |
romeʡo |
romejʡo |
tojmeʡo |
tojmejʡo
|
| causative |
romeno |
romejno |
tojmeno |
tojmejno
|
| benefactive |
romepə |
romejpə |
tojmepə |
tojmejpə
|
| instrumental |
|
|
tojmema |
tojmejma
|
| locative |
|
|
tojmewa |
tojmejwa
|
The endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun.
