|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ===Noun declension=== | | ===Noun declension=== |
| As already mentioned, the nominal root has a '''''CVCV''''' structure. This structure can be derivatively and semantically expanded by other syllables, while still preserving its vowel-ending structure.
| | Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun: |
| | |
| Nouns do decline, according to their role in the sentence for '''case'''. They also distinguish three morphological numbers, '''singular''', '''dual''', and '''plural'''. | |
| | |
| A nominal root is thus declined for case and number by adding the following morphemes:
| |
| | |
| {|- | | {|- |
| | colspan="2" | ''Case morphemes''
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| '''-li'''
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''-''' | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''Class I''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>Class II''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''-ra''' | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''-ʂu''' | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || -liə || -liəno || || |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''-χæ''' | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || - || -no || - || -no |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''-kʰu''' | | | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -ra || -rano || -ra || -rano |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-kʰæ''' | | | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -xə || -xəno || -xə || -xəno |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-ŋil''' | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || -xəw || -xəwno || -xəw || -xəwno |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-ʈar''' | | | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || || || -giəl || -giəlno |
| |- | |
| | colspan="2" | ''Numeral morphemes'' | |
| |- | |
| | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || '''-''' | |
| |- | |
| | <center><small>''plural''</small></center> || '''-no'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''dual''</small></center> || '''-ʔi'''
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| In the pre-diasporic period, these morphemes are added to the root without a fixed pattern. Numeral morpheme can, indeed, be freely placed before or after the case morpheme.
| | Some examples are shown below: a class I noun, papəw, ''father'', and a class II noun, sōgo, ''house''. |
| | |
| Some examples are shown below: a typical active or animate noun, '''papu''', ''father'', and a typical inactive or inanimate noun, '''soːŋo''', ''house''. | |
| | |
| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''Singular declension''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>papəw</center> || colspan="2" | <center>sōgo</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuli''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papu''' || '''soːŋo''' | | | <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || papəwliə || papəwliəno || || |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papura''' || '''-''' | | | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || papəw || papəwno || sōgo || sōgono |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papuʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂu''' | | | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || papəwra || papəwrano || sōgora || sōgorano |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papuχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæ''' | | | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || papəwxə || papəwxəno || sōgoxə || sōgoxəno |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papukʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰu''' | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || papəwxəw || papəwxəwno || sōgoxəw || sōgoxəwno |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋokʰæ'''
| | | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || || || sōgogiəl || sōgogiəlno |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋoŋil''' | |
| |- | |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʈar''' | |
| |} | | |} |
| | | As for the rules, the endings for the abessive case cannot be added to a class I noun, while the endings for the ergative case cannot be added to a class II noun. |
| The endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''Plural declension''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>
| |
| |--
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papunoli''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''papulino''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papuno''' || '''papuno''' || '''soːŋono''' || '''soːŋono'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papunora''' || '''papurano''' || '''-''' || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papunoʂu''' || '''papuʂuno''' || '''soːŋonoʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂuno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papunoχæ''' || '''papuχæno''' || '''soːŋonoχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papunokʰu''' || '''papukʰuno''' || '''soːŋonokʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰuno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonokʰæ''' || '''soːŋokʰæno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonoŋil''' || '''soːŋoŋilno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonoʈar''' || '''soːŋoʈarno'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The plural morpheme, '''-no''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''Dual declension''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>
| |
| |--
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuʔili''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuliʔi''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papuʔi''' || '''papuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papuʔira''' || '''papuraʔi''' || '''-''' || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papuʔiʂu''' || '''papuʂuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔiʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂuʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papuʔiχæ''' || '''papuχæʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔiχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papuʔikʰu''' || '''papukʰuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔikʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰuʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔikʰæ''' || '''soːŋokʰæʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔiŋil''' || '''soːŋoŋilʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔiʈar''' || '''soːŋoʈarʔi'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The dual morpheme, '''-ʔi''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
| |
