User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="3" | <center>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> class''</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || - || -no
|-
|-
| <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || -liw || -hiwliw || -nuliw || || || ||
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || -re || -nure
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || - || -hiw || -nu || - || -hiw || -nu
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || -šu || -hiwšu || -nušu || -šu || -hiwšu ||-nušu
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -rɛ || -hiwrɛ || -nurɛ || || ||
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -xjɛ || -hiwxjɛ || -nuxjɛ || -xjɛ || -hiwxjɛ || -nuxjɛ
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || -ku || -hiwku || -nuku || -ku || -hiwku || -nuku
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental<sup>1</sup>''</small></center> || || || || -kjɛ<sup><small>1</small></sup> || -hiwkjɛ<sup><small>1</small></sup> || -nukjɛ<sup><small>1</small></sup>
|}
|}
 
Some examples are shown below: bevvo, ''father'', and hɔgo, ''house''.
<small><sup>1</sup> These forms are deemed as obsolete and rapidly vanishing from current usage.</small>
 
Some examples are shown below: a class I noun, bɛbju, ''father'', and a class II noun, sōgu, ''house''.
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="3" | <center>bɛbju</center> || colspan="3" | <center>sōgu</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>paɸu</center> || colspan="2" | <center>sowgu</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>|| style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || bɛbjuliw || bɛbjuhiwliw || bɛbjunuliw || || ||
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || bɛbju || bɛbjuhiw || bɛbjunu || sōgu || sōguhiw || sōgunu
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || bɛbjušu || bɛbjuhiwšu || bɛbjunušu || sōgušu || sōguhiwšu || sōgunušu
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || bɛbjurɛ || bɛbjuhiwrɛ || bɛbjunurɛ || || || || ||
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || bɛbjuxjɛ || bɛbjuhiwxjɛ || bɛbjunuxjɛ || sōguxjɛ || sōguhiwxjɛ || sōgunuxjɛ
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || bɛbjuku || bɛbjuhiwku || bɛbjunuku || sōguku || sōguhiwku || sōgunuku
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || paɸu || paɸunu || sowgu || sowgunu
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental<sup>1</sup>''</small></center> || || || || sōgukjɛ<sup><small>1</small></sup> || sōguhiwkjɛ<sup><small>1</small></sup> || sōgunukjɛ<sup><small>1</small></sup>
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || paɸuha || paɸunoha || sowguha || sowgunoha
|}
|}


<small><sup>1</sup> These forms are deemed as obsolete and rapidly vanishing from current usage.</small>
Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular direct case usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. This vowel is generally -i-, but other vowels are also possible.
<small>bas.</small> vær‘ → <small>dir.</small> vær‘il‘, <small>obl.</small> vær‘iha, ...


As for the rules, the endings for the primary main cases cannot be added to a class II noun, while the ending of the already obsolete instrumental case cannot be added to a class I noun.
Some irregular nouns, conversely, change their last vowel in the root before adding other endings. The commonest changes are u → o, or i → e. A lot of these nouns display both irregular and regular forms, especially in earlier texts. In modern texts the amount of irregular forms is extremely limited, with a strong tendency towards regularization by analogy.
<small>bas.</small> sænu → <small>dir.</small> sænol‘, <small>obl.</small> sænoha, ...
<small>bas.</small> voɸi → <small>dir.</small> voɸel‘, <small>obl.</small> voɸeha, ...

Revision as of 04:35, 2 May 2025

Noun declension

Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:

singular
plural
direct
 - -no
oblique
 -re -nure

Some examples are shown below: bevvo, father, and hɔgo, house.

paɸu
sowgu
singular
plural
singular
plural
direct
 paɸu paɸunu sowgu sowgunu
oblique
 paɸuha paɸunoha sowguha sowgunoha

Nouns ending in a consonant in the singular direct case usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. This vowel is generally -i-, but other vowels are also possible. 

bas. vær‘ → dir. vær‘il‘, obl. vær‘iha, ...

Some irregular nouns, conversely, change their last vowel in the root before adding other endings. The commonest changes are u → o, or i → e. A lot of these nouns display both irregular and regular forms, especially in earlier texts. In modern texts the amount of irregular forms is extremely limited, with a strong tendency towards regularization by analogy. 

bas. sænu → dir. sænol‘, obl. sænoha, ...
bas. voɸi → dir. voɸel‘, obl. voɸeha, ...
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