User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Cases===
===Articles===
Proto-Alri nouns do decline, according to an ''ergative-absolutive'' system with '''9 cases''':
There is only one article, the '''definite article''', ek‘, which is placed before the noun, agreeing with it in case and number.
{| class="wikitable"
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center> || <center>''Meaning''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>papu</center> || colspan="2" | <center>sṓgo</center>
|-
|-
| '''Ergative'''  || <small>This case marks the subject of a transitive verb.</small>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| '''Absolutive'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
| <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || papuli || papunoli || ||
|-
|-
| '''Possessive'''  || <small>This case marks an intentional possession, from subjects with a clear and active will.</small>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || papu || papuno || sṓgo || sṓgono
|-
|-
| '''Terminative'''  || <small>This case marks the final point of a movement (''motion toward a place''), and, in a broad sense, the indirect object. In a broader sense, it can also mark a natural and unintentional belonging (for example, ''body parts''), without any sign of will of possession, or an inverse belonging.</small>
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center>  || papušu || papunošu || sṓgošu || sṓgonošu
|-
|-
| '''Ablative'''  || <small>This case marks the point of origin of a movement (''motion from a place''). It can also mark the origin or the source.</small>
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center>  || papura || papunora || ||
|-
|-
| '''Causative'''  || <small>This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.</small>
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || papuɣɑ || papunoɣɑ || sṓgoɣɑ || sṓgonoɣɑ
|-
|-
| '''Benefactive'''  || <small>This case marks the final purpose of an action or a state. In a broad sense, it marks the ultimate beneficiary of an action or a state.</small>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || papukhu || papunokhu || sṓgokhu || sṓgonokhu
|-
|-
| '''Instrumental'''  || <small>This case marks the tool or the instrument which are used to perform an action or to be in a certain state.</small>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || sṓgokhɑ || sṓgonokhɑ
|-
|-
| '''Locative'''  || <small>This case marks the place where an action is performed, or a certain state exist (''stative location'').</small>
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center>  || || || sṓgogil || sṓgonogil
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center>  || || || sṓgotsar || sṓgonotsar
|}
|}
 
As for the rules, the endings for the secondary oblique cases cannot be added to a 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> class noun, while the endings for the primary main cases cannot be added to a 2<sup><small>st</small></sup> class noun.
The cases are usually classified in 4 groups:
#''Primary main cases'': ergative, possessive
#''Secondary main cases'': assolutive
#''Primary oblique cases'': terminative, ablative, causative, benefactive
#''Secondary oblique cases'': instrumental, locative
 
Although nouns display neither gender nor class distinction, a noun referring to an intrisically animate entity cannot be declined in the secondary oblique cases, while a noun referring to an intrinsically inanimate entity cannot be declined in the primary main cases.
 
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various ''postpositions'', which can select one or more cases.

Revision as of 05:56, 30 April 2025

Articles

There is only one article, the definite article, ek‘, which is placed before the noun, agreeing with it in case and number.

papu
sṓgo
singular
plural
singular
plural
agentive
 papuli papunoli
ablative
 papu papuno sṓgo sṓgono
passive
 papušu papunošu sṓgošu sṓgonošu
genitive
 papura papunora
dative
 papuɣɑ papunoɣɑ sṓgoɣɑ sṓgonoɣɑ
causative
 papukhu papunokhu sṓgokhu sṓgonokhu
instrumental
 sṓgokhɑ sṓgonokhɑ
abessive
 sṓgogil sṓgonogil
locative
 sṓgotsar sṓgonotsar

As for the rules, the endings for the secondary oblique cases cannot be added to a 1st class noun, while the endings for the primary main cases cannot be added to a 2st class noun.

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