User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Cases===
===Cases===
Æbbro nouns do decline, according to a ''nominative-accusative'' system with '''16 cases''':
Jeʂtəra nouns do decline, according to an ''ergative-absolutive'' system with '''6 cases''':
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center>  || <center>''Meaning''</center>
| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center>  || <center>''Meaning''</center>
|-
|-
| '''Nominative'''  || <small>This case marks the subject of a verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
| '''Ergative'''  || <small>This case marks the subject of a transitive verb. It can be used only with nouns belonging to class I.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Accusative'''  || <small>This case marks the direct object of a verb.</small>
| '''Absolutive'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || <small>This case marks possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect.</small>
| '''Genitive'''  || <small>This case marks possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect. It can also mark the origin or the source.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Dative'''  || <small>This case marks the indirect object.</small>
| '''Dative'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the indirect object. In a broad sense, it can also mark the final purpose of an action or a state.</small>
|-
| '''Ablative'''  || <small>This case marks the origin of an action or a state. It is also used to mark the subject of an nominal form of a verb.</small>
|-
| '''Instrumental'''  || <small>This case marks the tool or the instrument which are used to perform an action or to be in a certain state. It can also mark the company, indicating an entity, together with which a certain action is performed or a certain state exists.</small>
|-
| '''Locative'''  || <small>This case marks the place where an action is performed, or a certain state exist (''stative location''). It can also have a temporal value.</small>
|-
| '''Allative'''  || <small>This case marks the final point of a movement (''motion toward a place''). It can also have a temporal value.</small>
|-
| '''Delative'''  || <small>This case marks the point of origin of a movement (''motion from a place''). It can also have a temporal value.</small>
|-
| '''Benefactive'''  || <small>This case marks the final purpose of an action or a state. In a broad sense, it marks the ultimate beneficiary of an action or a state.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Causative'''  || <small>This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.</small>
| '''Causative'''  || <small>This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Abessive'''  || <small>This case marks the tool or the instrument which are absent while performing an action or being in a certain state. It can also mark the absence of company, indicating an entity, without which a certain action is performed or a certain state exists.</small>
|-
| '''Essive'''  || <small>This case marks existance or equivalence. It specifies an entity in its state, or which is the second term in an equivalence comparison. (''as'', ''like'')</small>
|-
| '''Comparative'''  || <small>This case marks relation. It specifies an entity, which is the other term in any kind of relations. (''like'', ''in relation to'')</small>
|-
| '''Benefactive'''  || <small>This case marks detriment, opposition or objection. In a broad sense, it marks the entity against which a certain action is performed or a certain state exists.</small>
|-
| '''Partitive'''  || <small>This case marks partiality. In a broad sense, it marks the totality, from which a certain part is considered.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Oblique'''  || <small>It has no specifical meaning and it is generally used only with prepositions.</small>
|}
|}


Each case, except for nominative and accusative, can have other functions. Other types of clause complements can be conveyed using various adverbial postposed forms (which can be regarded as ''postposition'').
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various ''prepositions'', which can select one or more cases.
 
A class II noun, referring thus to an intrinsically inanimate entity, noun cannot generally be declined in the ergative case.

Revision as of 05:16, 30 April 2025

Cases

Jeʂtəra nouns do decline, according to an ergative-absolutive system with 6 cases:

Case
Meaning
Ergative This case marks the subject of a transitive verb. It can be used only with nouns belonging to class I.
Absolutive This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.
Genitive This case marks possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect. It can also mark the origin or the source.
Dative This case marks primarily the indirect object. In a broad sense, it can also mark the final purpose of an action or a state.
Causative This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.
Oblique It has no specifical meaning and it is generally used only with prepositions.

Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various prepositions, which can select one or more cases.

A class II noun, referring thus to an intrinsically inanimate entity, noun cannot generally be declined in the ergative case.

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