User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Cases===
===Cases===
Biwdiw nouns do decline, according to an ''active-stative'' system with '''6 cases''':
Ancient Figo nouns do decline, according to an ''ergative-absolutive'' system with '''6 cases''':
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center>  || <center>''Meaning''</center>
| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center>  || <center>''Meaning''</center>
|-
|-
| '''Agentive'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the subject of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, which displays a certain degree of activity, will or intention in performing the said action or in being in a certain state. It can be used only with nouns belonging to class I.</small>
| '''Ergative'''  || <small>This case marks the subject of a transitive verb. It can be used only with nouns belonging to class I.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Passive'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, which displays no degree of activity, will or intention in performing the said action or in being in a certain state. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
| '''Absolutive'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Ablative'''  || <small>This case marks primarily a natural and unintentional belonging (for example, ''body parts''), without any sign of will of possession, or an inverse belonging. It also marks the point of origin of a movement (''motion from a place''). It is also used to mark the direct object of an infinitival form of a verb, marking thus the direct object of the negated form of a transitive verb.</small>
| '''Genitive'''  || <small>This case marks possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect. It can also mark the origin or the source, usually limited to nouns with a locative meaning or place names.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Genitive'''  || <small>This case marks an intentional possession, from subjects with a clear and active will. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the class I.</small>
| '''Dative'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the indirect object. In a broad sense, it can also mark the final point of a movement ''(motion toward a place''), usually limited to nouns with a locative meaning or place names.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Dative'''  || <small>This case marks primarily the indirect object. It can also mark the final point of a movement (''motion toward a place''), and, in a broad sense, the final purpose of an action or a state.</small>
| '''Causative'''  || <small>This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.</small>
|-
|-
| '''Causative'''  || <small>This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.</small>
| '''Abessive'''  || <small>This case marks the tool or the instrument which are absent while performing an action or being in a certain state. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the class II.</small>
|-
|-
|}
|}
The cases are usually classified in 3 groups:
The cases are usually classified in 4 groups:
#''Primary main cases'': agentive, genitive
#''Primary main cases'': ergative
#''Secondary main cases'': passive, ablative
#''Secondary main cases'': absolutive
#''Oblique cases'': dative, causative
#''Primary oblique cases'': genitive, dative, causative
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various ''postpositions'', which can select one or more cases.
#''Secondary oblique cases'': abessive
 
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various ''prepositions'', which can select one or more cases.
Class II nouns can be also declined in another case, named ''instrumental'', which marks the tool or the instrument which are used to perform an action or to be in a certain state. However, this case has already fallen out of use in the classical period, its meaning being replaced by the preposition čīg. Some declined forms survive well into this period, but already crystallized in an adverbial role.  


In some declension tables the endings of the instrumental case are shown for the sake of completeness, but they are always marked as archaic.
During the history of the language the abessive case slowly loses its vitality in use as a grammar case, being reduced to ad adverbial/adjectival form in later texts.

Revision as of 01:54, 29 April 2025

Cases

Ancient Figo nouns do decline, according to an ergative-absolutive system with 6 cases:

Case
Meaning
Ergative This case marks the subject of a transitive verb. It can be used only with nouns belonging to class I.
Absolutive This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.
Genitive This case marks possession and belonging, either intentional, unintentional, or indirect. It can also mark the origin or the source, usually limited to nouns with a locative meaning or place names.
Dative This case marks primarily the indirect object. In a broad sense, it can also mark the final point of a movement (motion toward a place), usually limited to nouns with a locative meaning or place names.
Causative This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.
Abessive This case marks the tool or the instrument which are absent while performing an action or being in a certain state. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the class II.

The cases are usually classified in 4 groups:

  1. Primary main cases: ergative
  2. Secondary main cases: absolutive
  3. Primary oblique cases: genitive, dative, causative
  4. Secondary oblique cases: abessive

Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various prepositions, which can select one or more cases.

During the history of the language the abessive case slowly loses its vitality in use as a grammar case, being reduced to ad adverbial/adjectival form in later texts.

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