User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions
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===Cases=== | ===Cases=== | ||
Biwdiw nouns do decline, according to an ''active-stative'' system with '''6 cases''': | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center> || <center>''Meaning''</center> | | style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center> || <center>''Meaning''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Agentive''' || <small>This case marks primarily the subject of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, which displays a certain degree of activity, will or intention in performing the said action or in being in a certain state. It | | '''Agentive''' || <small>This case marks primarily the subject of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, which displays a certain degree of activity, will or intention in performing the said action or in being in a certain state. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 1<sup>st</sup> class.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Passive''' || <small>This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, which displays no degree of activity, will or intention in performing the said action or in being in a certain state. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small> | | '''Passive''' || <small>This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, which displays no degree of activity, will or intention in performing the said action or in being in a certain state. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small> | ||
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| '''Ablative''' || <small>This case marks primarily a natural and unintentional belonging (for example, ''body parts''), without any sign of will of possession, or an inverse belonging. It also marks the point of origin of a movement (''motion from a place''). It is also used to mark the direct object of an infinitival form of a verb, marking thus the direct object of the negated form of a transitive verb.</small> | | '''Ablative''' || <small>This case marks primarily a natural and unintentional belonging (for example, ''body parts''), without any sign of will of possession, or an inverse belonging. It also marks the point of origin of a movement (''motion from a place''). It is also used to mark the direct object of an infinitival form of a verb, marking thus the direct object of the negated form of a transitive verb.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Genitive''' || <small>This case marks an intentional possession, from subjects with a clear and active will. It | | '''Genitive''' || <small>This case marks an intentional possession, from subjects with a clear and active will. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 1<sup>st</sup> class.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Dative''' || <small>This case marks primarily the indirect object. It can also mark the final point of a movement (''motion toward a place''), and, in a broad sense, the final purpose of an action or a state.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Causative''' || <small>This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.</small> | | '''Causative''' || <small>This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state.</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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#''Primary main cases'': agentive, genitive | #''Primary main cases'': agentive, genitive | ||
#''Secondary main cases'': passive, ablative | #''Secondary main cases'': passive, ablative | ||
#'' | #''Oblique cases'': dative, causative | ||
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various ''postpositions'', which can select one or more cases. | |||
Revision as of 01:38, 29 April 2025
Cases
Biwdiw nouns do decline, according to an active-stative system with 6 cases:
| Agentive | This case marks primarily the subject of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, which displays a certain degree of activity, will or intention in performing the said action or in being in a certain state. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 1st class. |
| Passive | This case marks primarily the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to mark the subject of an intransitive verb, which displays no degree of activity, will or intention in performing the said action or in being in a certain state. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form. |
| Ablative | This case marks primarily a natural and unintentional belonging (for example, body parts), without any sign of will of possession, or an inverse belonging. It also marks the point of origin of a movement (motion from a place). It is also used to mark the direct object of an infinitival form of a verb, marking thus the direct object of the negated form of a transitive verb. |
| Genitive | This case marks an intentional possession, from subjects with a clear and active will. It can be used only with nouns belonging to the 1st class. |
| Dative | This case marks primarily the indirect object. It can also mark the final point of a movement (motion toward a place), and, in a broad sense, the final purpose of an action or a state. |
| Causative | This case marks the reason or the cause, which are the source of an action or a state. |
The cases are usually classified in 4 groups:
- Primary main cases: agentive, genitive
- Secondary main cases: passive, ablative
- Oblique cases: dative, causative
Other types of clause complements are conveyed using various postpositions, which can select one or more cases.
