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| {{main|Æbbro}}
| | ==Nouns== |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Æbbro phonological''' features.
| | Nouns in Iðâɣ language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant, although there is a marked tendency for the vocalic ending. Nouns ending in a consonant, usually add a euphonic vowel before the normal declension endings. |
| ==Consonants== | |
| The consonant system distinguishes 19 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
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| | style="width: 120px;" rowspan="2" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''voiceless''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[p]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[k]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[t]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>p</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>k</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>t</center>
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| | <small>''voiced''</small> || <center>[b]</center> || <center>[g]</center> || <center>[d]</center> || <center>b</center> || <center>g</center> || <center>d</center>
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| | colspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[m]</center> || || <center>[n]</center> || <center>m</center> || || <center>n</center>
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| | colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r]</center> || || <center>[l]</center> || <center>r</center> || || <center>l</center>
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| | rowspan="5" | <small>''fricative''</small> ||<small>''sibilant''</small> || <center>[s]</center> || || <center>[z]</center> || <center>s</center> || || <center>z</center>
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| | <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[ʃ]</center> || || <center>[ʒ]</center> || <center>š</center> || || <center>ž</center>
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| | <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[ɕ]</center> || || <center>[ʑ]</center> || <center>ś</center> || || <center>ź</center>
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| | <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[h]</center> || || || <center>h</center> ||
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| | <small>''approximant''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || || <center>[w]</center> || <center>j</center> || || <center>w</center>
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| |}
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| The group of the plosive consonants is well developed, although distinguishing only two sub-groups: ''voiceless'', and ''voiced''. | | Nouns are grouped into two declension classes: animate nouns or first class and inanimate nouns or second class. The first class generally includes nouns indicating animate beings, namely capable of intentional motion or action, while the second class includes inanimate objects or entities. As a rule, we can sketch out the following scheme: |
| | *'''1<sup>st</sup> class''': human beings, animals, deities |
| | *'''2<sup>nd</sup> class''': plants, objects, ideas, feelings, senses, perceptions |
| | A noun is not irreversibly included in one of the two classes, as nouns lack clear morphological marks for each class. There is, thus, a certain amount of exceptions to this general rule. |
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| The groups of the nasal and of the liquid consonants are slighty poorer, but anyway quite developed.
| | Despite the general lack of morphological markers in the basic forms, being thus unable to distinguish the two classes, the declension patterns depend on which class a noun belongs to. |
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| The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed with some points of articulation and an extended distinction between voiced and voiceless phonemes.
| | There are two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, '''singular''' and '''plural'''. |
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| There are no affricate consonants. The phonemes [j] and [w] have a full consonantal value and they are never regarded as semivowels. | |
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| The relative scarcity of the consonant system is balanced by the ability of every consonant to be lenghtened in every syllabic position. This distinction between short and long consonants is phomenic, essentially doubling the amount of the distinguished consonants up to 38.
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| terni – tterni [terni – tːerni]
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| <small>shrub - man</small>
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| As seen from the above example, long consonants are orthographically transcribed with a double letter.
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Nouns
Nouns in Iðâɣ language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant, although there is a marked tendency for the vocalic ending. Nouns ending in a consonant, usually add a euphonic vowel before the normal declension endings.
Nouns are grouped into two declension classes: animate nouns or first class and inanimate nouns or second class. The first class generally includes nouns indicating animate beings, namely capable of intentional motion or action, while the second class includes inanimate objects or entities. As a rule, we can sketch out the following scheme:
- 1st class: human beings, animals, deities
- 2nd class: plants, objects, ideas, feelings, senses, perceptions
A noun is not irreversibly included in one of the two classes, as nouns lack clear morphological marks for each class. There is, thus, a certain amount of exceptions to this general rule.
Despite the general lack of morphological markers in the basic forms, being thus unable to distinguish the two classes, the declension patterns depend on which class a noun belongs to.
There are two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, singular and plural.
