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| {{main|Biwdiw}} | | {{main|Gəjlnigo}} |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Biwdiw syntactical''' features. | | This page gives an extensive description of '''Gəjlnigo syntactical''' features. |
| ==Main clause and word order== | | ==Main clause and word order== |
| Biwdiw is a mainly '''SVO''' (''Subject-Verb-Object'') language, but there are clear traces hinting to a previous underlying '''SOV''' (''Subject-Object-Verb'') order.
| | Gəjlnigo is an almost strictly '''SVO''' (''Subject-Verb-Object'') language. |
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| wīruliw līlušɛc subɛ | | ežd əjro ləjuš ež huve |
| <small>the man sees the dog</small> | | <small>the man sees the dog</small> |
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| The quite rich case system allows every other possible word order, but most of them prove to be very marked and infrequently used. '''SVO''' order is essentially used in the main clause. Other orders with a clear role and a frequent usage in the main clause are:
| | Despite the limited case system, the word order is essentially fixed because of the lacking distinction between the subject and the direct object. The only word order with a clear role and a frequent usage is '''VSO''' (''Verb-Subject-Object''), which marks interrogative clauses, namely simple ''questions''. |
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| * '''VSO''' (''Verb-Subject-Object''), which marks interrogative clauses, namely simple ''questions''.
| | ləjuš ežd əjro ež huve? |
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| līlušɛc wīruliw subɛ | |
| <small>does the man see the dog?</small> | | <small>does the man see the dog?</small> |
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| * '''OSV''' (''Object-Subject-Verb''), which marks the so-called ''passive construct''.
| | The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''time-cause-manner-place''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements, as they are conveyed by the case system or by the prepositions. These elements can be emphasized by placing them at the beginning of the sentence. |
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| subɛ līluš wīruliw
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| <small>the dog is seen by the man</small>
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| * '''VOS''' (''Verb-Object-Subject''), which marks the ''passive construct in a interrogative clause''.
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| līluš subɛ wīruliw
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| <small>is the dog seen by the man?</small>
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| When another verb is found inside a main clause, it is placed in the final position of the sentence. Both possible verbal positions are called ''primary verbal position'' and ''secondary verbal position''.
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| S{{color|purple|'''V<sub><small>1</small></sub>'''}}O(C){{color|red|'''V<sub><small>2</small></sub>}}'''
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| Modal verbs, the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', and the negative verb hīsiwgɛ, ''to do not'', tend to be placed in the primary position, and cause the supported verb to move in the secondary position.
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| wīruliw {{color|purple|hīsjɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}}
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| <small>the man {{color|purple|does not}} {{color|red|see}} the dog</small>
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| wīruliw {{color|purple|çɛňɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}}
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| <small>the man {{color|purple|will}} (repeatedly) {{color|red|see}} the dog</small>
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| wīruliw {{color|purple|pjɛgisjɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwňiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}}
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| <small>the man {{color|purple|can}} {{color|red|see}} the dog</small>
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| When another verb is placed in the primary position, the previous verbal form is moved in the end of the secondary position.
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| wīruliw {{color|purple|çɛňɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}} → wīruliw {{color|purple|hīsjɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}}
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| <small>the man {{color|purple|will}} (repeatedly) {{color|red|see}} the dog → the man {{color|red|will}} {{color|purple|not}} (repeatedly) {{color|red|see}} the dog</small>
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| The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''place-manner-cause-time''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements. An object in the dative case, when conveying the indirect object, tends to be placed ''before'' the direct object of the sentence. | |
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| A peculiar feature is the verbal ''infinitival agreement'': when infinitival forms, as nominal forms of the verbs, take a direct object, are regarded as an expression of belonging, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case.
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| hīsū subɛšu līlušiwgɛ
| | The indirect object tends to be placed ''after'' the direct object of the sentence. However, if both direct and indirect objects are used in pronominal form, they are placed right before the conjugated verbal form in reverse order. |
| <small>I do not see the dog</small>
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- Main article: Gəjlnigo
This page gives an extensive description of Gəjlnigo syntactical features.
Main clause and word order
Gəjlnigo is an almost strictly SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) language.
ežd əjro ləjuš ež huve
the man sees the dog
Despite the limited case system, the word order is essentially fixed because of the lacking distinction between the subject and the direct object. The only word order with a clear role and a frequent usage is VSO (Verb-Subject-Object), which marks interrogative clauses, namely simple questions.
ləjuš ežd əjro ež huve?
does the man see the dog?
The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “time-cause-manner-place”, although they are basically freer than the main elements, as they are conveyed by the case system or by the prepositions. These elements can be emphasized by placing them at the beginning of the sentence.
The indirect object tends to be placed after the direct object of the sentence. However, if both direct and indirect objects are used in pronominal form, they are placed right before the conjugated verbal form in reverse order.
