User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Alphabet and phonology==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


{|
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
|''Small letter''||a||ä||b||c||ć||d||đ||e||ë||f||g||ģ||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||ö||p||q||r||ŕ||s||ś||t||ţ||u||ü||v||w||x||y||z||ź
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
|-
|''IPA value''||[a]||[æ]||[b]||[ʧ]||[ç]||[d]||[ð]||[e]||[ə]||[f]||[g]||[ɣ]||[h]||[i]||[j]||[k]||[l]||[m]||[n]||[o]||[œ]||[p]||[q]||[r]||[ʀ]||[s]||[ʃ]||[t]||[ʦ]||[u]||[y]||[v]||[w]||[x]||[ɨ]||[z]||[ʒ]
|}
 
==Pronouns==
===Personal pronouns===
Personal pronouns have oblique forms, remnants of the former case system. The oblique forms are used as objects and with every preposition.
{|
|''Person''||''Nominative''||''Oblique''||''Possessive ending''
|-
|''1st sing.''||ajo||ajn||-j/-(i)m
|-
|''2nd sing.''||rej||irn||-(i)r
|-
|''3rd sing.''||hin/ho||uhn/ho||-(i)h
|-
|''1st plur.''||sed||esd||-(i)s
|-
|''2nd plur.''||rad||urd||-(i)rd
|-
|''3rd plur.''||hol||hle||-(i)hl
|}
 
==Preposition==
* të = ''of''
* ky = ''to'' (<small>indirect object</small>)
* źa = ''for''
* ćom = ''from''
* re = ''in, into'' (<small>state</small>)
* lo = ''to'' (<small>motion toward</small>)
* ru = ''in'' (<small>motion inside</small>)
 
==Verb==
verb '''đremil''', ''to sell'', verb '''klukul''', ''to break''
 
===Indicative===
====Momentaneous present====
The momentaneous present point to an action/state which exists or is running in the moment of talking. It does not point to an action/state which usually repeats more that once.
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||jođremu||jokloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jađremu||jäkloku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jađrimu||jäkluku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đremum||klokum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đremuź||klokuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jeđrimul||jëklukul
|}
 
====Continous present====
(+m/n)
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||jomđremu||jomkloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jamđremu||jämkloku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jamđrimu||jämkluku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đremnum||klokmum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đremnuź||klokmuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jemđrimul||jëmklukul
|}
 
====Perfect past====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||đeremo||koloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đeremi||koloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đirem||kulok
|-
|''1st plur.''||đirmom||kulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đermoź||kolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||điremol||kulokol
|}
 
====Continuos past====
(+m/n)
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||đermemo||kolmoko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đermemi||kolmoki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đirmem||kulmok
|-
|''1st plur.''||đirmnom||kulkmom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đermnoź||kolkmoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||đirmemol||kulmokol
|}
 
====Resultative past====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||öđremo||ökloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||öđremi||ökloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||öđirem||ökulok
|-
|''1st plur.''||üđirmëm||ükulkëm
|-
|''2nd plur.''||üđermëź||ükolkëź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||öđiremol||ökulokol
|}
 
====Plusquamperfect past====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||vëđeremu||vëkoloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||vëđeremi||vëkoloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||vëđerem||vëkolok
|-
|''1st plur.''||vëđirmom||vëkulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||vëđermoź||vëkolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||vëđiremul||vëkulokul
|}
 
====Future====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||pëđermu||pëkolku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pëđermo||pëkolko
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pëđirmu||pëkulku
|-
|''1st plur.''||pëđirmom||pëkulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pëđirmoź||pëkolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pëđirmul||pëkulkul
|}
 
====Future in the past====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||pođeremu||pokoloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pođeremi||pokoloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pođerem||pokolok
|-
|''1st plur.''||pođirmom||pokulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pođermoź||pokolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pođiremul||pokulokul
|}
===Subjunctive===
====Present====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||juđremu||jükläku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jëđramu||jyklëku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jëđrëmu||jyklëku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đramom||kläkum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đramoź||kläkuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jađrëmul||jüklëkul
|}
 
====Past====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||vëđaremo||vëkaloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||vëđaremi||vëkaloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||vëđärim||vëkaluk
|-
|''1st plur.''||vëđärmom||vëkalkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||vëđarmoź||vëkalkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||vëđärimul||vëkalukul
|}
 
====Future====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||pëđarmu||pëkalku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pëđarmo||pëkalko
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pëđärmu||pëkälku
|-
|''1st plur.''||pëđärmom||pëkälkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pëđärmoź||pëkälkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pëđärmul||pëkälkul
|}
 
===Conditional===
====Present====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||jiđrimu||jikliku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jëđrimu||jykliku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jëđrymu||jyklyku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đrimom||klikum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đrimoź||klikuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jyđrymul||jyklykul
|}
 
====Past====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||vëđiremo||vëkiloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||vëđiremi||vëkiloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||vëđirim||vëkiluk
|-
|''1st plur.''||vëđirmom||vëkilkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||vëđirmoź||vëkilkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||vëđirimul||vëkilukul
|}


====Future====
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


{|
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
|-
|''1st sing.''||pëđirmu||pëkilku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pëđirmo||pëkilko
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pëđyrmu||pëkylku
|-
|''1st plur.''||pëđyrmom||pëkylkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pëđyrmoź||pëkylkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pëđyrmul||pëkylkul
|}


===Optative===
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


{|
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
|-
|''1st sing.''||đjerëmu||kjolöku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đjerëmi||kjolöki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đjërim||kjoluk
|-
|''1st plur.''||đjërmum||kjölkum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đjermuź||kjolkuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||đjëremul||kjölokul
|}
 
===Renarrative===
====Perfect====
(+l/r and vowel changing)
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||đelrëma||kurlëka
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đelrëme||kurlëke
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đëlrema||kürleka
|-
|''1st plur.''||đlërmam||klülkam
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đlermaź||klulkaź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||đelremal||kurlëkal
|}


====Imperfect/Continuous====
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|
{|-
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|-
|''1st sing.''||đlermëma||klulmëka
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đlermëme||klulmëke
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đlërmam||klülmal
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
|''1st plur.''||đlërmnam||klülkmam
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đlermnaź||klulkmaź
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
|''3rd plur.''||đlermënal||klulmëkal
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|}
 
====Resultative====
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|-
|''1st sing.''||śuđlërëma||śuklëkëka
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
|''2nd sing.''||śođlërëme||śoklëlëke
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
|''3rd sing.''||śođlërena||śoklëleka
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
|''1st plur.''||śuđlërmam||śuklëlkam
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
|''2nd plur.''||śođlërmaź||śoklëlkaź
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|-
|''3rd plur.''||śëđlërmal||śëklëlkal
|}
|}


===Imperative===
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


{|
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
|''1st sing.''||-||-
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đerem||kolok
|-
|''3rd sing.''||-||-
|-
|''1st plur.''||đremem||klokom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đremeź||klokoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||-||-
|}


===Participles===
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
====Active====
{|
|''Present''||''Past''||''Future''
|-
|đromiś||vëđrëmuś||pëđromiś
|-
|klokoś||vëklëkuś||pëklokoś
|}
====Passive====
{|
|''Present''||''Past''||''Future''
|-
|đurumun||vëđurëmun||pëđurumun
|-
|kulükun||vëkülëkun||pëkulükun
|}


==Lexicon==
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* root: potr ''making''
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
** pteril: ''to do'', ''to make''
* root: corp ''construction''
** crupul: ''to build''
** ocörpum: ''building''
** cërmepek: ''construction''
** tacrupul: ''rebuild''

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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