User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(53 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
====Passive diathesis====
===Interrogative pronouns===
The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb qɛňika, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. Notably, modal forms are conveyed by the auxiliary verb, while the aspectual and temporal forms are conveyed only by the participles.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


Moreover, the passive participle always agrees with the subject of the sentence in number.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


Examples:
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  çũžõ qɛňikažõ çiçacukỹ
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
  <small>the fields will be cultivated</small>


=====Indicative mood=====
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || imperfective present passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || imperfective past passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective present'''''  || perfective present passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective past''''' || perfective past passive participle + indicative present forms of qäɳika
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


{| class="wikitable"
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śośiruki qäɳoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśośiruki qäɳoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śiśoruki qäɳoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśiśoruki qäɳoh, ...
|}


=====Subjunctive mood=====
{|-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || imperfective present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || imperfective past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
|-
|-
| '''''perfective present'''''  || perfective present passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| '''''perfective past'''''  || perfective past passive participle + subjunctive present forms of qäɳika
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|}
 
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| '''''imperfective present''''' || śośiruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| '''''imperfective past''''' || qaśośiruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| '''''imperfective present''''' || śiśoruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| '''''imperfective past''''' || qaśiśoruki qäɳiɳoh, ...
|}
 
=====Conditional mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| '''''imperfective present''''' || imperfective present passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| '''''imperfective past''''' || imperfective past passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| '''''perfective present''''' || perfective present passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| '''''perfective past''''' || perfective past passive participle + conditional present forms of qäɳika
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form is shown</small>):
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śośiruki qäɳoçoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśośiruki qäɳoçoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śiśoruki qäɳoçoh, ...
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśiśoruki qäɳoçoh, ...
|}


=====Infinitive mood=====
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || imperfective present passive participle + infinitive forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || imperfective past passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective present'''''  || perfective present passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective past'''''  || perfective past passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|}


Examples:
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  


{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śośiruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśośiruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śiśoruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśiśoruki qäɳika
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII&oldid=175196"