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{{main|Höśikə}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
This page gives an extensive description of '''Höśikə morphological''' features.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
==Nouns==
Nouns in Höśikə language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant, although there is a marked tendency for the vocalic ending. Nouns ending in a consonant usually add a euphonic vowel before the normal declension endings.


Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. Nouns are divided and categorized in six declension groups, each distinguished by the plural formation and the last phoneme of the word.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


There are, moreover, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, '''singular''' and '''plural''', and a limited case system. Nouns also display two forms, the '''indefinite form''' and the '''definite form''', the latter being built by adding the ''postposed definite article''.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


===Cases===
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
Höśikə nouns do decline, according to a ''nominative-accusative'' system with '''2 cases''':
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
| style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center>  || <center>''Meaning''</center>
 
|-
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
| '''Direct'''  || <small>This case marks both the subject and the direct object of a verb. It can be also used with some prepositions. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
|-
 
| '''Oblique''' || <small>It has no specifical meaning and it is generally used only with prepositions. It can be occasionally used without prepositions, with some verbs, and it may mark the indirect object in some kinds of pronouns.</small>
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|-
|}


===Articles===
There is only one article, the '''definite article''', ež, which is placed before the noun, agreeing with it in case and number.
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ež / ežd || ežno
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || ežəre || ežnore
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
|}
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
 
In the singular direct case two forms of the article are listed. The choice between the two forms depends on the first phoneme of the following word:
*ež is placed before a word beginning with a consonant.
*ežd is placed before a word beginning with a vowel.
 
Examples:
ež pɔge čəjnnos
<small>the person is singing</small>
 
ežd ɔne čəjnnos
<small>the woman is singing</small>
 
The definite article, both in its singular and plural forms and in any case, can merge with some prepositions to form the so-called articled prepositions. Such forms will be analyzed in a following section.
 
===Noun declension===
Nouns are declined in case and number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || - || -no
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || -re || -nure
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|}
Some examples are shown below: bevvo, ''father'', and hɔgo, ''house''.
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>bevvo</center> || colspan="2" | <center>hɔgo</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || bevvo || bevvono || hɔgo || hɔgono
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || bevvore || bevvonore || hɔgore || hɔgonore
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Nouns ending in a consonant in their base form, except for nouns ending in the semiconsonant -j, usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. This vowel is generally -i-, but other vowels are also possible.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
<small>dir.</small> heǵ → <small>obl.</small> heǵire, ...
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Some irregular nouns, however, change their last vowel in the root before adding other endings. The commonest change is o → u. A lot of these nouns display both irregular and regular forms, especially in earlier texts. In modern texts the amount of irregular forms is extremely limited, with a strong tendency towards regularization by analogy.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>dir.</small> heňo → <small>obl.</small> heňure, ...


A small amount of nouns, conversely, display unpredictable irregularities, both vocalic and consonantal, in the noun root.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>dir.</small> beĺ → <small>obl.</small> bejre, ...
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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