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{{main|Höśikə}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


This page gives an extensive description of '''Höśikə syntactical''' features.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
==Main clause and word order==
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
Höśikə is an almost strictly '''SVO''' (''Subject-Verb-Object'') language.
jyrəžə ljyloç sopažə
<small>the man sees the dog</small>


Despite the limited case system, the word order is essentially fixed because of the lacking distinction between the subject and the direct object.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''time-cause-manner-place''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements, as they are conveyed by the case system or by the prepositions. These elements can be emphasized by placing them at the beginning of the sentence. The indirect object tends to be placed ''after'' the direct object of the sentence.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


==Nouns==
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
The noun cluster is formed by a noun, carrying the main meaning, and by other noun-type forms, namely adjectives, which specify this meaning or add other meanings to the main noun. Inside of a noun cluster, the noun can be replaced by a pronoun.


The noun is usually located in the center of the noun cluster, being preceded or followed by every other specifying form.  
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


Non-adjectival elements conveying ''possession'' and ''belonging'' are always placed '''after''' the noun.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
sovəžə h́äc jyrošyžə
<small>the man’s house</small>


Every attributive adjectives, conversely, is always placed '''before''' the noun.
{|-
hokə käzoti
|-
<small>a friend of mine (lit. my friend)</small>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


höpä śuqɛ̃
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
<small>a young woman</small>
The role of the noun cluster in the sentence and its number are marked by case and number endings. These endings mark also other adjectival elements inside the noun cluster, resulting this in the process called ''nominal agreement''.


Il gruppo del sostantivo può, inoltre, essere marcato anche per definitezza. Un gruppo del sostantivo considerato determinato viene infatti marcato dall’articolo determinativo posposto, il quale viene aggiunto al primo elemento di tipo nominale o di tipo aggettivale del gruppo stesso. Un elemento marcato da tale articolo viene considerato come una forma determinata.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


rjeqõžõ sovõ h́äc qokješyžə jyrošy
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>le nuove case dell’uomo vecchio</small>
Un eventuale elemento di tipo non nominale o non aggettivale non può aggiungere l’articolo.


śuty rjikɛž śuqɛ̃
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>la donna molto bella</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
 
Un gruppo del sostantivo considerato indeterminato non presenta alcun marcatore di definitezza. Alcuni aggettivi, specialmente tra gli aggettivi indefiniti, gli interrogativi e i dimostrativi, non presentano mai la forma determinata.
 
hjeqə käzoti h́äc höpäšy jyrošy
<small>ogni amico di un giovane uomo</small>
 
Both ''attributive'' and ''predicative'' adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify. Other elements, which convey possession or belonging do not agree with the main nominal form.
 
höpäžə jyrə qimjeh́ kö sovəšy
<small>the young man is going home</small>
 
hõkəžə hɔgo
<small>our house</small>
 
höpä̃žõ śuqɛ̃
<small>the young women</small>
 
śuqɛ̃žõ qɛňõ höpä̃
<small>the women are young</small>
 
The grammar role of noun clusters can be further specified by ''prepositions'', which are placed before the cluster. Thus, it can be stated that the noun cluster can be introduced by a preposition.
tsɛvovə vü sovošyžə
<small>I am talking about the house</small>
 
=== The cases===
The grammatical role of the noun cluster in a sentence is conveyed by some endings. These endings are bound to ''grammatical cases'', with usually well-defined roles.
 
The cases in Höśikə language are 2:
*''Direct''
*''Oblique''
The grammatical roles and all possible differences in usage among similar cases are enlisted below:

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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