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| {{main|Höśikə}}
| | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Höśikə phonological''' features.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
| ==Consonants==
| | |
| The consonant system distinguishes 30 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| |-
| | |
| | colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| | |
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | |
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| | |
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | |
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| | |
| | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 120px;" rowspan="4" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''voiceless''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[p]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[k]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[t]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>p</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>k</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>t</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''voiced''</small> || <center>[b]</center> || <center>[g]</center> || <center>[d]</center> || <center>b</center> || <center>g</center> || <center>d</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''palatal''</small> || || <center>[c]</center> || || || <center>c</center> || | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''uvular''</small> || || <center>[q]</center> || || || <center>q</center> || | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[m]</center> || <center>[n]</center> || <center>[ɲ]</center> || <center>m</center> || <center>n</center> || <center>ň</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r]</center> || <center>[l]</center> || <center>[ʎ]</center> || <center>r</center> || <center>l</center> || <center>ʎ</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="10" | <small>''fricative''</small> ||<small>''sibilant''</small> || <center>[s]</center> || || <center>[z]</center> || <center>s</center> || || <center>z</center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''bilabial''</small> || || <center>[β]</center> || || || <center>β</center> || | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''dental''</small> || || <center>[ð]</center> || || || <center>ð</center> || | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''labio-dental''</small> || || <center>[v]</center> || || || <center>v</center> ||
| | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''velar''</small> || || <center>[ɣ]</center> || || || <center>ɣ</center> ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[ʃ]</center> || || <center>[ʒ]</center> || <center>š</center> || || <center>ž</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''palatal''</small> || || <center>[ç]</center> || || || <center>ç</center> ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''post-alveolar''</small> || || <center>[ɕ]</center> || || || <center>ś</center> ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[h]</center> || || || <center>h</center> ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''pharyngeal''</small> || <center>[ħ]</center> || || <center>[ʕ]</center> || <center>ħ</center> || || <center>h́</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''affricate''</small> || <center>[ʦ]</center> || || <center>[ʧ]</center> || <center>ts</center> || || <center>č</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''approximant''</small> || || <center>[ʧ]</center> || || || <center>č</center> ||
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The group of the plosive consonants distinguishes four sub-groups: ''voiceless'', ''voiced'', ''palatal'', and ''uvular''. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed and rich in points of articulation, with a limited distinction between voiced and voiceless phonemes.
| |
| | |
| The groups of the nasal and of the liquid consonants are slighty poorer, but anyway quite developed. The phoneme [j] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.
| |
|
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|
| ==Vowels==
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| There are 11 vocalic phonemes. Each vowel makes a distinction in nasalization, displaying both a non-nasal and a nasal version.
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| |- style=max-width:4em
| |
| | colspan="6" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="6" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 30px;"| <center>[i]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[ĩ]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[ɨ]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[ɨ̃]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[u]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[ũ]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>i</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>ĩ</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>y</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>ỹ</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>u</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>ũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>[e]</center> || <center>[ẽ]</center> || <center>[ə]</center> || <center>[ə̃]</center> || <center>[o]</center> || <center>[õ]</center> || <center>e</center> || <center>ẽ</center> || <center>ə</center> || <center>ə̃</center> || <center>o</center> || <center>õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>[e]</center> || <center>[ẽ]</center> || <center>[ə]</center> || <center>[ə̃]</center> || <center>[o]</center> || <center>[õ]</center> || <center>e</center> || <center>ẽ</center> || <center>ə</center> || <center>ə̃</center> || <center>o</center> || <center>õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || <center>[ə]</center> || <center>[ə̃]</center> || || || || || <center>ə</center> || <center>ə̃</center> || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>[ɛ]</center> || <center>[ɛ̃]</center> || || || || || <center>ɛ</center> || <center>ɛ̃</center> || || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>[æ]</center> || <center>[æ̃]</center> || || || || || <center>ɛ</center> || <center>ä̃</center> || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || <center>[a]</center> || <center>[ã]</center> || || || || || <center>a</center> || <center>ã</center> || ||
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The opposition in ''nasalization'' is fully distinctive:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| šwo - šwõ
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| <small>who? (acc.) - five</small>
| |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
