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{{main|Xowʂiko}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
This page gives an extensive description of '''Xowʂiko syntactical''' features.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
==Main clause and word order==
Xowʂiko is an almost strictly '''SOV''' (''Subject-Object-Verb'') language.
hjyroli sopa ljyloç
<small>the man sees the dog</small>


The quite rich case system allows every other possible word order, but most of them prove to be very marked and infrequently used. The only word order with a clear role and a frequent usage is '''OSV''' (''Object-Subject-Verbs''), which marks the so-called ''evidential construct''.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


sopa hjyroli ljyloç
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>it is the dog the man sees</small>


The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''place-manner-cause-time''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements. An object in the dative case, when conveying the indirect object, tends to be placed ''after'' the direct object of the sentence.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


A peculiar feature is the verbal ''infinitival agreement'': when infinitival forms, as nominal forms of the verbs, take a direct object, are regarded as an expression of belonging, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


  sopaʂu ljyloçika qjysoh
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>I do not see the dog.</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


Moreover, as it can been seen in the example above, when an infinitival form is governed by a modal verb or by the negative verb ʔī́sɑme, the infinitive is always placed before the conjugated modal form.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


==Nouns==
{|-
The noun cluster is formed by a noun, carrying the main meaning, and by other noun-type forms, namely adjectives, which specify this meaning or add other meanings to the main noun. Inside of a noun cluster, the noun can be replaced by a pronoun.
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


The noun usually closes the noun cluster, being preceded by every other specifying form. Thus, other elements conveying ''possession'' and ''belonging'' are always placed '''before''' the noun, as well as every attributive adjective.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


hjyrora sowoli
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>the man’s house</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


xokoli lilajli
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>my hand</small>


xowpajli qownali
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>the young woman</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
 
The role of the noun cluster in the sentence and its number are marked by case and number endings. These endings mark also other adjectival elements inside the noun cluster, resulting this in the process called ''nominal agreement''.
 
Both ''attributive'' and ''predicative'' adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify. Other elements, which convey possession or belonging do not agree with the main nominal form.
 
xowpajli hjyroli sowoŕä qimjeŕ
<small>the young man is going home</small>
 
xowpajnoli qownanoli
<small>the young women</small>
 
qownanoli xowpajnoli qäɳon
<small>the women are young</small>
 
qownanoli ljyloçukino qäɳon
<small>the women are seen</small>
 
The agreement among nouns and adjectives is not a universal phenomenon. Indefinite adjectives, in the earlier period, may not agree with the nominal form, neither in case nor in number.
 
The grammar role of noun clusters can be further specified by ''prepositions'', which are placed before the cluster. Thus, it can be stated that the noun cluster can be introduced by a preposition.
 
qujm sowoŕä qimjeŕoh
<small>I am going inside the house</small>
 
=== The cases===
The grammatical role of the noun cluster in a sentence is conveyed by some endings. These endings are bound to ''grammatical cases'', with usually well-defined roles.
 
The cases in Xowʂiko language are 9:
*''Nominative''
*''Accusative''
*''Ablative''
*''Genitive''
*''Dative''
*''Causative''
*''Instrumental''
*''Abessive''
*''Locative''
The grammatical roles and all possible differences in usage among similar cases are enlisted below:

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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