User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Pronouns==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Pronouns in Βaβar language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form, and they usually display a monosyllabic base form.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one, both in case endings and in the number of distinguished cases. Moreover, pronouns alone make a distinction between animate and inanimate referents. However, like nouns, they morphologically convey two grammatical numbers, '''singular''' and '''plural''', but displaying entirely different roots in both numbers.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


===Declension of pronouns===
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
Pronouns are declined by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:


{|-
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
| || <center><small>consonantal<br>class</small></center> || <center><small>vocalic<br>class</small></center>
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| - || -
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -m / əm<small><sup>1</sup></small><br><small>or</small> - || -m<br><small>or</small> -
|-
| <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || -iç || -ç
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || -at || -t
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || -at || -t
|}


<small><sup>1</sup> This ending display two possible forms. The latter is used after a nasal consonant, the former is used in every other case.</small>
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one. The endings are completely different and display a different allocation. The endings of the instrumental and the locative case are always the same. The accusative case, moreover, displays a syllabic nasal ending ending only when referring to semantically animate entities. If the pronouns refer to inanimate entities, the accusative ending is the same as the nominative case, namely a zero ending.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


===Personal pronouns===
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
Personal pronouns feature a distinction between the roots in the singular number and the roots in the plural number. These pronouns are also regarded as referents to only animated entities, in all persons.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || si || ma || ɣu || žī || kā || çi
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || sim || mam || ɣum || žīm || kām || çim
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || siç || maç || ɣuç || žīç || kāç || çiç
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || rowspan="2"| sit || rowspan="2"| mat || rowspan="2"| ɣut || rowspan="2"| žīt || rowspan="2"| kāt || rowspan="2"| çit
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|}
 
Dato l’intrinseco riferimento ad entità animate, non è possibile utilizzare le forme di terza persona per riferirsi ad entità inanimate. Non esistono pronomi personali atti a questo scopo, per cui vengono utilizzati i pronomi dimostrativi.
 
Al caso accusativo le forme dei pronomi sono considerate marcate, ed utilizzate solamente quando si vuole porre in evidenza la forma del pronome all’accusativo. Come forma non marcata vengono solitamente utilizzate forme pronominali accusative di tipo enclitico.
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || <center>-n / -ən</center> || <center>-x / -əx</center> || <center>-d / -əd</center> || <center>-na / -ān</center> || <center>-ɣa / -āx</center> || <center>-ɖ / -əɖ</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


These forms are added as enclitic suffixes to a word in the sentence, chiefly to the subject pronouns, when present. If the subject pronouns are absent, these suffixes are added to the verb (<small>thus moving the direct object after the verb and causing the word order to shift to VSO</small>).
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
Examples:
 
si mam riʈʂʼiš
<small>As for me, I love you (and no one else)</small>
 
six riʈʂʼiš
<small>As for me, I love you</small>
 
riʈʂʼišəx
<small>I love you</small>
 
With compound verbal forms, these suffixes are added to the auxiliary verb or to the modal verb. However, they may be also be added to the participles.


Examples:
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


ɸaqurā sūšəx
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>I see you</small>


ɸāqurā ðuzəx
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>I want to you</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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