User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
 
(251 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
==Pronouns==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Pronouns in Βaβar language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant in their basic form, and they usually display a monosyllabic base form.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one, both in case endings and in the number of distinguished cases. Moreover, pronouns alone make a distinction between animate and inanimate referents. However, like nouns, they morphologically convey two grammatical numbers, '''singular''' and '''plural''', but displaying radically different roots in both numbers.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


===Declension of pronouns===
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
Pronouns are declined by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:


{|-
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
| || <center><small>consonantal<br>class</small></center> || <center><small>vocalic<br>class</small></center>
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| - || -
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -m / əm<small><sup>1</sup></small><br><small>or</small> - || -m<br><small>or</small> -
|-
| <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || -iç || -ç
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || -at || -t
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || -at || -t
|}


<small><sup>1</sup> This ending display two possible forms. The latter is used after a nasal consonant, the former is used in every other case.</small>
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


The pronominal declension noticeably diverges from the nominal one. The endings are completely different and display a different allocation. The endings of the instrumental and the locative case are always the same. The accusative case, moreover, displays a syllabic nasal ending ending only when referring to semantically animate entities. If the pronouns refer to inanimate entities, the accusative ending is the same as the nominative case, namely a zero ending.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


===Personal pronouns===
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
I pronomi personali sono caratterizzati dalla distinzione tra radici diverse per le forme singolari e le forme plurali. Sono intesi, inoltre, come referenti di entità animate, in tutte le persone.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || si || ma || ɣu || žī || kā || çi
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || sim || mam || ɣum || žīm || kām || çim
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || siç || maç || ɣuç || žīç || kāç || çiç
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || rowspan="2"| sit || rowspan="2"| mat || rowspan="2"| ɣut || rowspan="2"| žīt || rowspan="2"| kāt || rowspan="2"| çit
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|}
 
Dato l’intrinseco riferimento ad entità animate, non è possibile utilizzare le forme di terza persona per riferirsi ad entità inanimate. Non esistono pronomi personali atti a questo scopo, per cui vengono utilizzati i pronomi dimostrativi.
 
Al caso accusativo le forme dei pronomi sono considerate marcate, ed utilizzate solamente quando si vuole porre in evidenza la forma del pronome all’accusativo. Come forma non marcata vengono solitamente utilizzate forme pronominali accusative di tipo enclitico.
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || <center>-n / -ən</center> || <center>-x / -əx</center> || <center>-d / -əd</center> || <center>-na / -ān</center> || <center>-ɣa / -āx</center> || <center>-ɖ / -əɖ</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Queste forme vanno ad unirsi in forma enclitica ad una delle parole della frase, solitamente il soggetto. Nel caso, tuttavia, la frase sia composta solamente dal verbo, queste forme si uniscono ad esso, provocando lo spostamento della forma accusativa alla fine della frase e l’emersione di una sorta di ordine sintattico VSO.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
Examples:
 
si mam riʈʂʼiš
<small>As for me, I love you (and no one else)</small>
 
six riʈʂʼiš
<small>As for me, I love you</small>
 
riʈʂʼišəx
<small>I love you</small>
 
Nel caso di forme verbali composte, queste forme vanno ad unirsi generalmente al verbo ausiliare o modale. Non è impossibile, tuttavia, che si uniscano alle forme participiali o infinitivali.


Examples:
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


ɸaqurā sūšəx
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>I see you</small>


ɸāqurā ðuzəx
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>I want to you</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII&oldid=175196"