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| ==Pronouns== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| I pronomi della lingua Βaβar finiscono sia in vocale che in consonante alla forma base, e generalmente presentano una forma monosillabica.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| La declinazione dei pronomi differisce da quella nominale, sia per le desinenze dei vari casi, sia per il numero di casi distinti. A livello pronominale, inoltre, viene fatta una distinzione, sia a livello semantico che a livello grammaticale, tra referenti animati e referenti inanimati. Come i nomi, tuttavia, i pronomi esprimono morfologicamente due numeri, il singolare ed il plurale, presentando però forme radicali diverse.
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| ===Declension of pronouns===
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| I pronomi si declinano secondo il caso aggiungendo le seguenti desinenze alla forma base del nome:
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| {|-
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| | || <center><small>consonantal<br>class</small></center> || <center><small>vocalic<br>class</small></center>
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| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| - || -
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -m / əm<small><sup>1</sup></small><br><small>or</small> - || -m<br><small>or</small> -
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| | <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || -iç || -ç
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| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || -at || -t
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| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || -at || -t
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| |}
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| <small><sup>1</sup> This ending display two possible forms. The latter is used after a nasal consonant, the former is used in every other case.</small>
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| La declinazione pronominale, come evidente, differisce sostanzialmente da quella nominale. Sono infatti presenti desinenze del tutto differenti e una diversa distribuzione. Nella declinazione pronominale i casi strumentale e locativo non vengono distinti, presentando una declinazione unica. Il caso accusativo, inoltre, presenta una desinenza in consonante nasale semivocalica solo per i pronomi referenti a entità animate. Se il referente è di un’entità inanimata, la desinenza è uguale al nominativo, cioè zero.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| ===Personal pronouns===
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| I pronomi personali sono caratterizzati dalla distinzione tra radici diverse per le forme singolari e le forme plurali. Sono intesi, inoltre, come referenti di entità animate, in tutte le persone.
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
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| | <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || si || ma || ɣu || žī || kā || çi | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
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| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || sim || mam || ɣum || žīm || kām || çim | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
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| | <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || siç || maç || ɣuç || žīç || kāç || çiç | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
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| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || rowspan="2"| sit || rowspan="2"| mat || rowspan="2"| ɣut || rowspan="2"| žīt || rowspan="2"| kāt || rowspan="2"| çit | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
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| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |} | | |- |
| | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| Dato l’intrinseco riferimento ad entità animate, non è possibile utilizzare le forme di terza persona per riferirsi ad entità inanimate. Non esistono pronomi personali atti a questo scopo, per cui vengono utilizzati i pronomi dimostrativi.
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| | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| Al caso accusativo le forme dei pronomi sono considerate marcate, ed utilizzate solamente quando si vuole porre in evidenza la forma del pronome all’accusativo. Come forma non marcata vengono solitamente utilizzate forme pronominali accusative di tipo enclitico.
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| | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
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| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || <center>-n / -ən</center> || <center>-x / -əx</center> || <center>-d / -əd</center> || <center>-na / -ān</center> || <center>-ɣa / -āx</center> || <center>-ɖ / -əɖ</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| Queste forme vanno ad unirsi in forma enclitica ad una delle parole della frase, solitamente il soggetto. Nel caso, tuttavia, la frase sia composta solamente dal verbo, queste forme si uniscono ad esso, provocando lo spostamento della forma accusativa alla fine della frase e l’emersione di una sorta di ordine sintattico VSO.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| Examples:
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| si mam riʈʂʼiš
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| <small>As for me, I love you (and no one else)</small>
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| six riʈʂʼiš
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| <small>As for me, I love you</small>
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| riʈʂʼišəx
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| <small>I love you</small>
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| Nel caso di forme verbali composte, queste forme vanno ad unirsi generalmente al verbo ausiliare o modale. Non è impossibile, tuttavia, che si uniscano alle forme participiali o infinitivali.
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| Examples:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| ɸaqurā sūšəx
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| <small>I see you</small>
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| ɸāqurā ðuzəx
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| <small>I want to you</small>
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
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singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
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| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
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| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
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| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
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| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
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| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
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| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
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| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
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| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
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| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
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The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
