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| ==Pronouns== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Le radici pronominali sono percepite in una fase arcaica come radici grammaticali, prive di un vero e proprio significato semantico ma solo come referenti grammaticali. La loro struttura è perciò in generale '''(C)V(C)'''. Tuttavia, già in fase unitaria tarda si nota la tendenza ad ampliare le radici in forma bisillabica e ad assimilarne la struttura finale alle radici nominali, solitamente con i morfemi '''-tu''' e '''-lo''', indicanti probabilmente stesso ed ecco.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| ===Personal pronouns===
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| Le forme pronominali personali sono solo quelle riferenti alla prima ed alla seconda persona, senza alcuna distinzione di numero. Entrambe presentano due diverse radici eteroclite, che si riferiscono ad una forma agentiva o ad una passiva, unici casi distinti inizialmente dalle radici pronominali.
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| {|-
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person''</small></center>
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| |-
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬ'''</center> || <center>'''er'''</center>
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| |-
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| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || <center>'''jo'''</center> || <center>'''næ'''</center>
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| |}
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| Queste forme vengono utilizzate in una fase unitaria arcaica, quando la struttura della frase è ancora VSO. Difatti, dimostrano in seguito una netta tendenza a cliticizzarsi alla forma verbale. Vengono quindi create nuove forme pronominali ampliando le radici originali con il formante -tu per il caso agentivo. Le forme del caso passivo generalmente non risentono dell’ampliamento, probabilmente perché già corrispondenti alla struttura sillabica '''CV'''.
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| {|-
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person''</small></center>
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| |-
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| | <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtu'''</center> || <center>'''ertu'''</center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || <center>'''jo'''</center> || <center>'''næ'''</center>
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| |}
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| Sulla base di queste radici vengono in seguito formati gli altri casi. Non esiste accordo su quale radice eteroclita scegliere per aggiungere i morfemi di caso, perciò, si ritiene che rimanga sostanzialmente libera durante tutto il periodo unitario. In quanto intrinsecamente riferenti ad enti animati e attivi, le radici pronominali personali non prendono i morfemi dei casi obliqui secondari.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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| {|- | | {|- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''Singular declension''</center>
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person''</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| | |- |
| | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtu'''</center> || <center>'''ertu'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || <center>'''jo'''</center> || <center>'''næ'''</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtura<br>jora'''</center> || <center>'''ertura<br>næra'''</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtuʂu<br>joʂu'''</center> || <center>'''ertuʂu<br>næʂu'''</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtuχæ<br>joχæ'''</center> || <center>'''ertuχæ<br>næχæ'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtukʰu<br>jokʰu'''</center> || <center>'''ertukʰu<br>nækʰu'''</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| Come per i nomi, i morfemi di numero del plurale '''-no''' e del duale '''-ʔi''' non hanno una posizione fissa, andandosi a posizionare liberamente prima o dopo del morfema di caso.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| Declinazione del plurale:
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| {|-
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''Plural declension''</center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| | || colspan="2"| <center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || colspan="2"| <center><small>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || colspan="2"| <center>'''oɬtuno'''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>'''ertuno'''</center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || colspan="2"| <center>'''jono'''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>'''næno'''</center>
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| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>'''oɬtunora<br>jonora'''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>'''oɬturano<br>jorano'''</center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center>'''ertunora<br>nænora'''</center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center>'''erturano<br>nærano'''</center>
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| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtunoʂu<br>jonoʂu'''</center> || <center>'''oɬtuʂuno<br>joʂuno'''</center> || <center>'''ertunoʂu<br>nænoʂu'''</center> || <center>'''ertuʂuno<br>næʂuno'''</center>
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| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtunoχæ<br>jonoχæ'''</center> || <center>'''oɬtuχæno<br>joχæno'''</center> || <center>'''ertunoχæ<br>nænoχæ'''</center> || <center>'''ertuχæno<br>næχæno'''</center>
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| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtunokʰu<br>jonokʰu'''</center> || <center>'''oɬtukʰuno<br>jokʰuno'''</center> || <center>'''ertunokʰu<br>nænokʰu'''</center> || <center>'''ertukʰuno<br>nækʰuno'''</center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
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| |}
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| {|-
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| | || colspan="4" | <center>''Dual declension''</center>
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| | || colspan="2"| <center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || colspan="2"| <center><small>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person''</small></center>
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| | <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || colspan="2"| <center>'''oɬtuʔi'''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>'''ertuʔi'''</center>
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| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || colspan="2"| <center>'''joʔi'''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>'''næʔi'''</center>
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| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>'''oɬtuʔira<br>joʔira'''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>'''oɬturaʔi<br>joraʔi'''</center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center>'''ertuʔira<br>næʔira'''</center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center>'''erturaʔi<br>næraʔi'''</center>
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| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtuʔiʂu<br>joʔiʂu'''</center> || <center>'''oɬtuʂuʔi<br>joʂuʔi'''</center> || <center>'''ertuʔiʂu<br>næʔiʂu'''</center> || <center>'''ertuʂuʔi<br>næʂuʔi'''</center>
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| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtuʔiχæ<br>joʔiχæ'''</center> || <center>'''oɬtuχæʔi<br>joχæʔi'''</center> || <center>'''ertuʔiχæ<br>næʔiχæ'''</center> || <center>'''ertuχæʔi<br>næχæʔi'''</center>
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| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || <center>'''oɬtuʔikʰu<br>joʔikʰu'''</center> || <center>'''oɬtukʰuʔi<br>jokʰuʔi'''</center> || <center>'''ertuʔikʰu<br>næʔikʰu'''</center> || <center>'''ertukʰuʔi<br>nækʰuʔi'''</center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
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| |}
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| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| Le forme di genitivo e di ablativo ricoprono, secondo il loro significato, il ruolo degli aggettivi e dei pronomi possessivi.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
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| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
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| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
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| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
