User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==The pronoun==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Pronominal forms are conveyed by a nominal/verbal root, with a typical '''''(C)VC''''' structure. When taking a pronominal role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


'''am-''' → '''am-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ame'''
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
<small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person'' → ''I''</small>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


There is, however, a limited amount of exceptions, in which the root is not expanded by any suffix, by having a clear noun role.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


Pronouns are declined in case, according to the role they play in the clause. They also usually distinguish two numbers, singular and plural.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


===Personal pronouns===
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) without any distinction in number.  


{|-
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"| '''am-'''
|-
| <center><small>''2<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || '''it-'''
|}


They are usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. They are declined as follows:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
| || colspan="2"| <center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || colspan="2"| <center><small>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>'' person</small></center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''amek̇ə''' || '''amejk̇ə''' || '''itek̇ə''' || '''itejk̇ə'''
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ame''' || '''amej''' || '''ite''' || '''itej'''
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ameṗu''' || '''amejṗu''' || '''iteṗu''' || '''itejṗu'''
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ameʈu''' || '''amejʈu''' || '''iteʈu''' || '''itejʈu'''
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ameʡo''' || '''amejʡo''' || '''iteʡo''' || '''itejʡo'''
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ameno''' || '''amejno''' || '''iteno''' || '''itejno'''
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''amepə''' || '''amejpə''' || '''itepə''' || '''itejpə'''
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || || || ||
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || || || ||  
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


First and second person forms are meant as referents to intrisically animate entities; the endings for secondary oblique cases are thus not used with them.  
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
Queste radici possono essere ampliate dal suffisso aggettivale -i-. In questo caso rivestono il ruolo degli aggettivi possessivi, senza specificazione di possesso volontario, involontario o appartenenza.
 
'''am-''' → '''am-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ami'''
<small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person'' → ''my, our''</small>
 
Le forme di possessivo e di terminativo possono specificare, secondo il loro significato, il ruolo degli aggettivi, il numero grammaticale del possessore, se ritenuto necessario:  


'''ameṗu ami laje majrom'''
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>I saw my dog</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Svolgono, inoltre, il ruolo dei pronomi possessivi.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


'''amik̇ə romek̇ə itejʈu oke majru'''
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>My father saw yours</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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