User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===The pronoun===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Le forme pronominali vengono espresse da radici di tipo nominale-verbale, con una struttura tipicamente (C)VC-. Nel rivestire il ruolo di pronome, la radice viene generalmente ampliata da un suffisso nominale -e-:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
am-, 1° persona →
• am- + -e- → ame-, 1° persona
Esistono, tuttavia, alcune limitate eccezioni in cui la radice ha solamente valore pronominale e non viene espansa da alcun suffisso.
La forma pronominale viene declinata a seconda del ruolo che il nome riveste nella frase secondo il caso. Distingue inoltre due numeri, il singolare ed il plurale.
====Personal pronouns====
Le forme pronominali personali sono solo quelle riferenti alla prima ed alla seconda persona, senza alcuna distinzione di numero.
1° persona am-
2° persona it-


Vengono generalmente ampliate dal suffisso nominale -e-. La declinazione di questi pronomi è la seguente:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
1° persona 2° persona
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
singolare plurale singolare plurale
ergativo amek̇ə amejk̇ə itek̇ə itejk̇ə
assolutivo ame amej ite itej
possessivo ameṗu amejṗu iteṗu itejṗu
terminativo ameʈu amejʈu iteʈu itejʈu
ablativo ameʡo amejʡo iteʡo itejʡo
causativo ameno amejno iteno itejno
benefattivo amepə amejpə itepə itejpə
strumentale - - - -
locativo - - - -


Le forme di prima e di seconda persona sono da intendersi come referenti di entità intrinsecamente animate e dotate di propria volontà e perciò non possiedono forme per i casi obliqui secondari.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
Queste radici possono essere ampliate dal suffisso aggettivale -i-. In questo caso rivestono il ruolo degli aggettivi possessivi, senza specificazione di possesso volontario, involontario o appartenenza.
am-, 1° persona →
• am- + -i- → ami-, mio, nostro
Le forme di possessivo e di terminativo possono specificare, secondo il loro significato, il ruolo degli aggettivi, il numero grammaticale del possessore, se ritenuto necessario:


  '''ameṗu ami laje majrom'''
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>I saw my dog</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


Svolgono, inoltre, il ruolo dei pronomi possessivi.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


  '''amik̇ə romek̇ə itejʈu oke majru'''
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>My father saw yours</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
 
{|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
 
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
 
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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