Koṭärt: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
|valign="top"|Real-world inspirations:
|valign="top"|Real-world inspirations:
||Tocharian languages, Finnish, Turkish, Sanskrit, Lithuanian, Tamil etc.
||Tocharian languages, Finnish, Turkish, Sanskrit, Lithuanian, Albanian, Tamil, Mandarin, English
|-
|-
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#cf82f2" color="#000000" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#cf82f2" color="#000000" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|-
|-
|colspan="2" align="center"| [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]]
|colspan="2" align="center"| [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|H. Krnąbrny]]
|}
|}


[[Koṭärt]] (Native names: ''Koṭärt'' /ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' /ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, or ''Koṭärtlyap'' /ko̞ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.
[[Koṭärt]] (Native names: ''Koṭärt'' /ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' /ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, or ''Koṭärtlyap'' /ko̞.ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|H. Krnąbrny]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.


==History==
==History==
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[Length|long]] and short monophthongs, with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within umlaut and ablaut systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation.


All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.
All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.
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|+ Short monophthongs  
|+ Short monophthongs  
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=1|'''Front
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=1|'''Central
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan=1|'''Back
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close vowel|Close]]'''
! rowspan=1|'''Close'''
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]
| i y
| ([[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]])
| (ɨ)
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
| u
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]'''
! rowspan=1|'''Close-mid'''
|  
|  
| ([[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]])
| (ɵ)
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]'''
! rowspan=1|'''Mid'''
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]
| e̞ ø̞
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] ([[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]])
| ə (ɵ̞)
| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]]
| o̞
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]'''
! rowspan=1|'''Open-mid'''
|
|
| ([[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]])
| (ɜ)
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]'''
! rowspan=1|'''Near-open'''
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]
| æ
| ([[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]])
| (ɐ)
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]'''
! rowspan=1|'''Open'''
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
| a
|
|
|
|
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Notes:<br>
Notes:<br>
* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonological values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect (just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants), it may be realised as [‌[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]‌], [‌[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]‌], or [‌[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]‌].
* /ø̞/ can have different phonological values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect (just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants), it may be realised as [‌ø̞], [‌ɵ], or [‌ɵ̞].
* [‌[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [‌[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]‌] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]‌].
* [‌ə], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /a/ when unstressed, however [ɐ] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [‌ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈].
* [‌[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]‌] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless.
* [‌ɜ] is a stressed allophone of /ə/, however some put stress on /ə/ nonetheless.
* [‌[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
* [ɨ] is an allophone of /i/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]].
* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by rhotic, then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a r-colored vowel.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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|+ Long monophthongs  
|+ Long monophthongs  
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=1|'''Front
! colspan=1|[[w:Near-front vowel|Near-front]]
! colspan=1|Near-front
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]'''
! colspan=1|Central
! colspan=1|[[w:Near-back vowel|Near-back]]
! colspan=1|Near-back
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]'''
! colspan=1|Back
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close vowel|Close]]'''
! rowspan=1|Close
| [[w:Close front rounded vowel|yː]]
| yː
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]'''
! rowspan=1|'''Near-close'''
|  
|  
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]
| ɪː
|
|
| [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]]
| ʊː
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]'''
! rowspan=1|'''Open-mid'''
| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]] [[w:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œː]]
| ɛː œː
|  
|  
| [[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜː]]
| ɜː
|
|
| [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
| ɔː
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
! rowspan=1|Near-open
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ʌ̞ː]]
| ʌ̞ː
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open vowel|Open]]
! rowspan=1|Open
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]]
| ɑː
|-
|-
|}
|}


Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.
Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two morae. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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|+ Diphthongs
|+ Diphthongs
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |
! colspan=4|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|-/u/]]
! colspan=4|-/u/
! colspan=4|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|-/i/]]
! colspan=4|-/i/
|-
|-
! colspan=1|  
! colspan=1|  
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! colspan=1|Stressed
! colspan=1|Stressed
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|/e̞/-]]
! rowspan=1|/e̞/-
| /e̞u̯/
| /e̞u̯/
| [eʊ̯̈]
| [eʊ̯̈]
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| [ɛi̯]
| [ɛi̯]
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid central vowel|/ə/-]]
! rowspan=1|/ə/-
| /əu̯/
| /əu̯/
| [əu̯]
| [əu̯]
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| [ɜɪ̯̈]
| [ɜɪ̯̈]
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛː/-]]
! rowspan=1|/ɛː/-
| /ɛːu̯/
| /ɛːu̯/
| [ɛːʊ̯̈]
| [ɛːʊ̯̈]
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| [ɛːi̯]
| [ɛːi̯]
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowell|/ɜː/-]]
! rowspan=1|/ɜː/-
| /ɜːu̯/
| /ɜːu̯/
| [ɜːʊ̯]
| [ɜːʊ̯]
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| [ɜːɪ̯̈]
| [ɜːɪ̯̈]
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|/a/-]]
! rowspan=1|/a/-
| /au̯/
| /au̯/
| [əʊ̯]
| [əʊ̯]
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| [ai̯]
| [ai̯]
|-
|-
! rowspan=1|[[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|/æ/-]]
! rowspan=1|/æ/-
| /æu̯/
| /æu̯/
| [æʊ̯]
| [æʊ̯]
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|}
|}


Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonologically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]].
Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow vowel hiatus up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonologically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of semantic significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic glottal stop.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Romanization for Vowels'''
|+ '''Romanization for Vowels'''
! [[w:Vowel length|Short vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Long vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Lengthened]] [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! [[Length|Short vowel]] !! IPA !! Umlaut !! IPA !! [[Length|Long vowel]] !! IPA !! [[Length|Lengthened]] Umlaut !! IPA
|-
|-
| [[w:A|a]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|a]]/ || [[w:Ä|ä]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|æ]]/ || [[w:Ā|ā]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɑː]]/ || [[w:Á|á]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʌ̞ː]]/  
| a || /a/ || ä || /æ/ || ā || /ɑː/ || á || /ʌ̞ː/  
|-
|-
| [[w:I|i]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|i]]/ || || || [[w:Ī|ī]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɪː]]/ || ||
| i || /i/ || || || ī || /ɪː/ || ||
|-
|-
| [[w:U|u]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|u]]/ || [[w:Ü|ü]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|y]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ū]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʊː]]/ || [[w:Ú|ú]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|yː]]/  
| u || /u/ || ü || /y/ || ū || /ʊː/ || ú || /yː/  
|-
|-
| [[w:E|e]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|e̞]]/ || || || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ē]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɛː]]/ || ||
| e || /e̞/ || || || ē || /ɛː/ || ||
|-
|-
| [[w:Ë|ë]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ə]]/ || || || [[w:É|é]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɜː]]/ || ||
| ë || /ə/ || || || é || /ɜː/ || ||
|-
|-
| [[w:O|o]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|o̞]]/ || [[w:Ö|ö]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ø̞]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ō]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɔː]]/ || [[w:Ó|ó]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|œː]]/
| o || /o̞/ || ö || /ø̞/ || ō || /ɔː/ || ó || /œː/
|-
|-
|}
|}
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==Links==
==Links==
* [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%AD%C3%A4rt Koṭärt] on Linguifex

Latest revision as of 10:11, 24 October 2025

Koṭärt
Spoken in: Lakkāl
Universe: Paukaṣṣat
Writing system: Koṭärt abugida (modern)
Genealogical classification: Śäts Valley languages
Koṭärt languages
Koṭärt
Typology
Morphological type: Agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment: Fluid-S Ergative-Absolutive
Conlang details
Conlang type: Artificial language
Real-world inspirations: Tocharian languages, Finnish, Turkish, Sanskrit, Lithuanian, Albanian, Tamil, Mandarin, English
Created by:
H. Krnąbrny

Koṭärt (Native names: Koṭärt /ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt /ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/, or Koṭärtlyap /ko̞.ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/) is an artificial language created by H. Krnąbrny for a conworld project, Paukaṣṣat, and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of Lakkāl, serving as a lingua franca between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat.

History

WIP

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant inventory (Standard dialect)
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t ʈ c~k̟ʲ k (ʔ)
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Fricative s ʂ ɕ ɣ
Affricate t͡s ʈ͡ʂ t͡ɕ
Lateral Affricate t͡ɬ c͡ʎ̝̊
Approximant w ɹ (ɻ) j ɰ
Lateral Approximant l ɭ ʎ
Flap ɽ

Notes:

  • Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
  • The pronunciation of /c~k̟ʲ/ varies, the forms [‌c], [‌k̟ʲ] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /kʲ/
  • [‌ɻ] is usually an allophone of /ɹ/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
  • [‌ɣ] is an allophone of /ɰ/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
  • /ŋ/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /n/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]). Rarely, whenever /ŋ/ is in the consonant cluster, following /t/, it is usually realized as /t/ with nasal release: [tⁿ].
  • Glottal stop is not a phoneme in Koṭärt, but it may sometimes appear in speech, e.g. in the beginning of words which start with vowel, to put emphasis, or to avoid hiatus.
Romanization for Consonants
Letter IPA Letter IPA
p /p/ s /s/
t /t/ ṭ /ʈ/
ḳ /c~k̟ʲ/ ṣ /ʂ/
k /k/ ś /ɕ/
m /m/ ts /t͡s/
n /n/ c /ʈ͡ʂ/
ṇ /ɳ/ ć /t͡ɕ/
ñ /ɲ/ tl /t͡ɬ/
ṃ /ŋ/¹ tly /c͡ʎ̝̊/
ṛ /ɽ/ w /w/²
y /j/³ r /ɹ/
l /l/ g /ɰ/
ly /ʎ/ ḷ /ɭ/

Notes:
¹ – The ⟨ṃ⟩ represents the phonetic /ŋ/, meaning it also indicates vowel nasalization
² – ⟨u⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs
³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs
⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]

Vowels

Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates long and short monophthongs, with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within umlaut and ablaut systems, see Phonetics part for explanation.

All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below.

Short monophthongs
Front Central Back
Close i y (ɨ) u
Close-mid (ɵ)
Mid e̞ ø̞ ə (ɵ̞) o̞
Open-mid (ɜ)
Near-open æ (ɐ)
Open a

Notes:

  • /ø̞/ can have different phonological values, depending on a dialect, and even speaker's idiolect (just as certain aforementioned nuances with some consonants), it may be realised as [‌ø̞], [‌ɵ], or [‌ɵ̞].
  • [‌ə], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /a/ when unstressed, however [ɐ] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ṣtaṃśau [‌ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈].
  • [‌ɜ] is a stressed allophone of /ə/, however some put stress on /ə/ nonetheless.
  • [ɨ] is an allophone of /i/ when it follows a retroflex consonant.
  • If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by rhotic, then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a r-colored vowel.
Long monophthongs
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close yː
Near-close ɪː ʊː
Open-mid ɛː œː ɜː ɔː
Near-open ʌ̞ː
Open ɑː

Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two morae. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words.

Diphthongs
-/u/ -/i/
Phonetic Unstressed Pre-stress Stressed Phonetic Unstressed Pre-stress Stressed
/e̞/- /e̞u̯/ [eʊ̯̈] [e̞ʊ̯̈] [e̞ʊ̯̈] /e̞i̯/ [eɪ̯] [e̞ɪ̯] [ɛi̯]
/ə/- /əu̯/ [əu̯] [əu̯] [ɜʊ̯̈] /əi̯/ [əi̯] [əi̯] [ɜɪ̯̈]
/ɛː/- /ɛːu̯/ [ɛːʊ̯̈] [ɛːʊ̯̈] [ɛːʉ̯] /ɛːi̯/ [ɛːi̯] [ɛːi̯] [ɛːi̯]
/ɜː/- /ɜːu̯/ [ɜːʊ̯] [ɜː⁽ʊ̯̈⁾] [ɜːʊ̯̈] /ɜːi̯/ [ɜːɨ̯] [ɜːɨ̯] [ɜːɪ̯̈]
/a/- /au̯/ [əʊ̯] [ɐu̯] [aʊ̯] /ai̯/ [əi̯] [ɐi̯] [ai̯]
/æ/- /æu̯/ [æʊ̯] [æʊ̯̈] [æu̯] /æi̯/ [æɪ̯̈] [æi̯] [æi̯]

Koṭärt phonotactics allow vowel hiatus up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonologically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of semantic significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic glottal stop.

Romanization for Vowels
Short vowel IPA Umlaut IPA Long vowel IPA Lengthened Umlaut IPA
a /a/ ä /æ/ ā /ɑː/ á /ʌ̞ː/
i /i/ ī /ɪː/
u /u/ ü /y/ ū /ʊː/ ú /yː/
e /e̞/ ē /ɛː/
ë /ə/ é /ɜː/
o /o̞/ ö /ø̞/ ō /ɔː/ ó /œː/

Phonetics

WIP

Phonotactics

WIP

Syntax

WIP

Grammar

WIP

Morphology

WIP

Orthography

WIP

Lexicon

WIP

Notes

Links

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