User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Personal pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) in both numbers. Unlike nominal or adjectival roots, these root are monosyllabic.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


They are declined with the same endings as the nominal declension, and select only the animate plural ending, as they always refer to animated entities.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
 
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
 
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
| || colspan="2" | <small>''<center>1<sup><small>st</small></sup>person</center>''</small> || colspan="2" | <small>''<center>2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>person</center>''</small>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <small>''<center>nominative</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>accusative</center>''</small> || roono || roožono || šeene || šeežene
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>genitive</center>''</small> || roorra || roožorra || šeerræ || šeežerræ
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>dative</center>''</small> || roohoo || roožohoo || šeehee || šeežehee
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>ablative</center>''</small> || roośu || roožośu || šeeśi || šeežeśi
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>instrumental</center>''</small> || rooddoo || roožoddoo || šeeddee || šeežeddee
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>locative</center>''</small> || roomu || roožomu || šeemi || šeežemi
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>allative</center>''</small> || roomo || roožomo || šeeme || šeežeme
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>delative</center>''</small> || rooma || roožoma || šeemæ || šeežemæ
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>benefactive</center>''</small> || rooga || roožoga || šeegæ || šeežegæ
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>causative</center>''</small> || roobbuu || roožobbuu || šeebbii || šeežebbii
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>abessive</center>''</small> || roojjo || roožojjo || šeejje || šeežejje
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|-
| <small>''<center>essive</center>''</small> || roowaa || roožowaa || šeewææ || šeežewææ
|-
| <small>''<center>comparative</center>''</small> || roohha || roožohha || šeehhæ || šeežehhæ
|-
| <small>''<center>contrastive</center>''</small> || rookka || roožokka || šeekkæ || šeežekkæ
|-
| <small>''<center>partitive</center>''</small> || rooppuu || roožoppuu || šeeppii || šeežeppii
|}
|}


In later text, however, irregularly shortened accusative and dative forms can be found:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
{|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <small>''<center>accusative</center>''</small> || style="width: 100px;"| roon || style="width: 100px;"| roožon || style="width: 100px;"| šeen || style="width: 100px;"| šeežen
|-
| <small>''<center>dative</center>''</small> || rooh || roožoh || šeeh || šeežeh
|}


All forms, when declined in the genitive case, can play the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective, being placed before a noun, or the role of indeclinable possessive pronoun, being placed before a demonstrative pronominal form.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


roorra llærme šeežerræ nasnaano tuurkarapudd
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>my father saw your mother</small>


roorra llærme šeežerræ taano tuurkarapudd
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>my father saw yours</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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