User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Personal pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Personal pronouns convey only the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) in both numbers. Unlike nominal or adjectival roots, these root are monosyllabic.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


They are declined with the same endings as the nominal declension, and select only the animate plural ending, as they refer always to animated entities.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
 
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
 
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
| || colspan="2" | <small>''<center>1<sup><small>st</small></sup>person</center>''</small> || colspan="2" | <small>''<center>2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>person</center>''</small>
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>nominative</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>accusative</center>''</small> || roono || roožono || šeene || šeežene
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>genitive</center>''</small> || roorra || roožorra || šeerræ || šeežerræ
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>dative</center>''</small> || roohoo || roožohoo || šeehee || šeežehee
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>ablative</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>instrumental</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>locative</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>allative</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>delative</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>benefactive</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|-
| <small>''<center>causative</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
|-
| <small>''<center>abessive</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
|-
| <small>''<center>essive</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
|-
| <small>''<center>comparative</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
|-
| <small>''<center>contrastive</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
|-
| <small>''<center>partitive</center>''</small> || roo || roožo || šee || šeeže
|}
|}


Unlike any other elements of the sentence, the personal pronouns compulsorily distinguish the number singular from the plural.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person, a double distinction is made. There are, actually, two forms, referring respectively to either ''animated'' beings or ''inanimate'' entities.
 
In the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup>, 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> and 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> animate persons an additional distinction is made between ''formal'' and ''informal'' forms. Formal pronouns are used in formal contexts, out of politeness, and are derived from former so-called ''royal pronouns'', reserved for people with a higher social status in the earlier middle period. Over time, their usage have changed in a distinction of ''politeness / familiarity''.


<small>''(Throughout this grammar in examples the informal forms are primarily used, since they are regarded as the most familiar in the spoken language.)''</small>
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


All forms, if adjoined by the preposition gü, play the role of an indeclinable possessive pronoun, being placed after a demonstrative pronominal form.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


osã gö̃ vuɣner nuvɔ uc gü eʂeʂ
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>my father saw yours</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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