User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Personal pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
The personal pronouns are:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


{| class="wikitable"
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
 
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
 
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
 
{|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center><small>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person''</small></center> || <center><small>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person''</small></center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
| <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | || || <center><small>''animate''</small></center> || <center><small>''inanimate''</small></center>
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>ɔn</center> || <center>eʂ</center> || <center>uʈ</center> || <center>ug</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 90px;"| <center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center><small>''inclusive''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center><small>''exclusive''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|  || style="width: 90px;"| <center><small>''animate''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center><small>''inanimate''</small></center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| || <center>ɔneʂ</center> || <center>ɔnɔn</center> || <center>eʂeʂ</center> || <center>uʈuʈ</center> || <center>ugug</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Unlike any other elements of the sentence, the personal pronouns compulsorily distinguish the number singular from the plural.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
In the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person, a double distinction is made. There are, actually, two forms, referring respectively to either ''animated'' beings or ''inanimate'' entities.
 
For the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> plural person, two forms are distinguished. The first form is called the '''first inclusive plural person''', which ''includes both the speaker and the listener'', while the second form is called the '''first exclusive plural person''', which ''includes the speaker but excludes the listener''.


All forms, if adjoined by the preposition gü, play the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective, being placed after a noun, or the role of indeclinable possessive pronoun, being placed after a demonstrative pronominal form.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


vuɣner nuʔ ɽanʔan gü eʂeʂ hosʔan gü ɔn
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>my father saw your mother</small>


vuɣner nuʔ uʈ gü eʂeʂ hosʔan gü ɔn
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>my father saw yours</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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