User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Personal pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Personal pronouns feature a distinction between two forms for the direct case. The first form (<small>named ''direct<sub><small>1</small></sub>''</small>) is used as the subject of the clauses, for every kind of verbs. The second form (<small>named ''direct<sub><small>2</small></sub>''</small>) is used as the direct object of the clause, for transitive verbs, and with every preposition requiring the direct case.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


Moreover, the first two persons (1<sup><small>st</small></sup> and 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>) have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension. On the other hand, the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup>person has only one root, displaying, however, a similar irregular declension.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
 
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
 
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct<sub><small>1</small></sub>''</small></center> || ūdju || irdju || jɛšlu || ūdjuhiw || irdjuhiw || jɛšluhiw || ūdjū || irdjū || jɛšlū
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct<sub><small>2</small></sub>''</small></center> || çu || njɛ || jɛš || çuhiw || njɛhiw || jɛšhiw || çū || njö || jɛžū
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || çurɛ || njɛrɛ || jɛšrɛ || çuhiwrɛ || njɛhiwrɛ || jɛšhiwrɛ || çūrɛ || njörɛ || jɛžūrɛ
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || çuxjɛ || njɛxjɛ || jɛšxjɛ || çuhiwxjɛ || njɛhiwxjɛ || jɛšhiwxjɛ || çūxjɛ || njöxjɛ || jɛžūxjɛ
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


When used alone, the forms for the direct object may be placed before the conjugated verb in the sentence, but they are usually found in their syntactical position.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
 
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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