User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Personal pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Personal pronouns display a marked dichotomy between the forms in the agentive case and the forms in the passive case. Both forms have two different roots, exhibiting thus a mixed declension; more than one form for each case is created on both roots.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
 
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
 
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
 
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
 
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> dual.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 90px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || ūdju || irdju || jɛšlu || ūdjuhiw || irdjuhiw || jɛšluhiw || ūdjunu || irdjunu || jɛšlunu
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || çu || njɛ || jɛš || çuhiw || njɛhiw || jɛšhiw || çunu || njɛnu || jɛšnu
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || ūdjušu || irdjušu || jɛšlušu || ūdjuhiwšu || irdjuhiwšu || jɛšluhiwšu || ūdjunušu || irdjunušu || jɛšlunušu
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| çušu || njɛšu || jɛšu || çuhiwšu || njɛhiwšu || jɛšhiwšu || çunušu || njɛnušu || jɛšnušu
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || ūdjurɛ || irdjurɛ || jɛšlurɛ || ūdjuhiwrɛ || irdjuhiwrɛ || jɛšluhiwrɛ || ūdjunurɛ || irdjunurɛ || jɛšlunurɛ
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| çurɛ || njɛrɛ || jɛšrɛ || çuhiwrɛ || njɛhiwrɛ || jɛšhiwrɛ || çunurɛ || njɛnurɛ || jɛšnurɛ
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || ūdjuxjɛ || irdjuxjɛ || jɛšluxjɛ || ūdjuhiwxjɛ || irdjuhiwxjɛ || jɛšluhiwxjɛ || ūdjunuxjɛ || irdjunuxjɛ || jɛšlunuxjɛ
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| çuxjɛ || njɛxjɛ || jɛšxjɛ || çuhiwxjɛ || njɛhiwxjɛ || jɛšhiwxjɛ || çunuxjɛ || njɛnuxjɛ || jɛšnuxjɛ
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || ūdjuku || irdjuku || jɛšluku || ūdjuhiwku || irdjuhiwku || jɛšluhiwku || ūdjunuku || irdjunuku || jɛšlunuku
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| çuku || njɛku || jɛšku || çuhiwku || njɛhiwku || jɛšhiwku || çunuku || njɛnuku || jɛšnuku
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


No personal pronouns display any form for the obsolete instrumental case. First and second person forms are meant as referents for class I entities. Conversely, the third person forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms are used whether the referred name belongs to class I or class II.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
Personal pronouns have two forms in all cases, except for the agentive case and the passive case. These forms are distinguished between ''long forms'' (ūdjušu, irdjušu,...) and ''short forms'' (çušu, njɛšu,...), which have a different use:
 
* ''long forms'': used mostly alone (<small>without any adjoing preposition</small>), as proper case form of the pronoun
* ''short forms'': used mostly with prepositions
 
In earlier texts, however, these usages are vague and confused.
 
Usages of the genitive and ablative forms are more elaborated:
 
*In the '''genitive''' case:
**''Long form'': it is used to mark strictly possession, playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun.
 
hɛlulīšunū irdjunurɛ sōgu
<small>we saw your house</small>
 
:*''Short form'': it is used as the proper genitive form of the pronoun, used either with or without prepositions.
 
*In the '''ablative''' case:
**''Long form'': it is used as the ablative form of the pronoun, to be used alone, without prepositions. It is also used to mark belonging (according to the role of the ablative case), playing the role of an indeclinable possessive adjective or pronoun.


hɛlulīšunū irdjunušu bɛbju
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>we saw your father</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


**''Short form'': it is mostly used with prepositions. Already in classical texts it is used as a direct object form in negative sentences.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
nɑšu hṓthī́niñɑme ʔaʔī́sow
<small>I wasn't looking for you</small>


**In earlier texts, both ablative forms can be found as a direct object in negative sentences.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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