User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Negation===
===Interrogative pronouns===
The verbal negation is conveyed by two negative adverbs:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


*jis
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*he
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


These two adverbs have different usages and placements.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


:1. '''jis''' is used with the simple ''present tense'', being placed ''after'' it, and with all ''future tenses'', being placed ''between'' the auxiliary verbs and the infinitival forms.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


æl‘ soɸal‘ ñamjixæh → æl‘ soɸal‘ ñamjixæh jis
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
<small>the dog bites → the dog doesn't bite</small>


  æl‘ soɸal‘ jimof ñamjixæm‘ æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ jimof jis ñamjixæm‘ æl‘ vjirul‘
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>the dog will bite the man → the dog won't bite the man</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


:2. '''he''' is used with all ''compound tenses'' formed with the auxiliary verb ojæm‘, ''to be'', being placed ''before'' it.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


æl‘ soɸal‘ ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘
{|-
<small>the dog will bit the man → the dog didn't bite the man</small>
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


However, both negative adverbs can be found inside the same sentence, with every verbal tense, in their regular position (in these cases jis is placed between the auxiliary verb and the participial form). This construction may be used to strengthen or highlight the negation:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘ → æl‘ soɸal‘ he ojh jis ñjimaciθu æl‘ vjirul‘
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>the dog didn't bite the man → the dog didn't bite the man at all</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


''Double negatives'' are generally '''''allowed''', but this usage is unstable and unclear.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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