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| ===Conjugation of verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs (<small>two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root</small>):
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| *'''Conjugation I''': termel, ''to sell'' - šekel, ''to give'' | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| *'''Conjugation II''': ŕokmel, ''to lead'' - korel, ''to judge'' | | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| ====Declarative valency====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| =====Active diathesis=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Indicative mood======
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| '''Imperfective present''' | |
|
| |
|
| In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotre̥mu</center> || <center>joše̥ku</center> || <center>joŕko̥mu</center> || <center>joko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatre̥mu</center> || <center>jaše̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕko̥mu</center> || <center>jäko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatre̥me</center> || <center>jaše̥ke</center> || <center>jäŕko̥mo</center> || <center>jäko̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mem</center> || <center>še̥kem</center> || <center>ŕko̥mom</center> || <center>ko̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥meš</center> || <center>še̥keš</center> || <center>ŕko̥moš</center> || <center>ko̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥met</center> || <center>še̥ket</center> || <center>ŕko̥mot</center> || <center>ko̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofke̥çu</center> || <center>jofso̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çu</center> || <center>jäfso̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çe</center> || <center>jäfso̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çem</center> || <center>fëso̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çeš</center> || <center>fëso̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çet</center> || <center>fëso̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknyse̥mu</center> || <center>joše̥jaku</center> || <center>jolqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jośo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknyse̥mu</center> || <center>jaše̥jaku</center> || <center>jälqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jäśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknyse̥me</center> || <center>jaše̥jake</center> || <center>jälqo̥xamo</center> || <center>jäśo̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mem</center> || <center>še̥jakem</center> || <center>lqo̥xamom</center> || <center>śo̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥meš</center> || <center>še̥jakeš</center> || <center>lqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>śo̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥met</center> || <center>še̥jaket</center> || <center>lqo̥xamot</center> || <center>śo̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jonöʔcico̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jänöʔcico̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxe̥se</center> || <center>jänöʔcico̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥sem</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥seš</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥set</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mu</center> || <center>še̥ku</center> || <center>ŕko̥mu</center> || <center>ko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mu</center> || <center>še̥ku</center> || <center>ŕko̥mu</center> || <center>ko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥me</center> || <center>še̥ke</center> || <center>ŕko̥mo</center> || <center>ko̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mim</center> || <center>še̥kim</center> || <center>ŕko̥mum</center> || <center>ko̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥miš</center> || <center>še̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕko̥muš</center> || <center>ko̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mit</center> || <center>še̥kit</center> || <center>ŕko̥mut</center> || <center>ko̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çu</center> || <center>fëso̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çu</center> || <center>fëso̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çe</center> || <center>fëso̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çim</center> || <center>fëso̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çiš</center> || <center>fëso̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çit</center> || <center>fëso̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mu</center> || <center>še̥jaku</center> || <center>lqo̥xamu</center> || <center>śo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mu</center> || <center>še̥jaku</center> || <center>lqo̥xamu</center> || <center>śo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥me</center> || <center>še̥jake</center> || <center>lqo̥xamo</center> || <center>śo̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mim</center> || <center>še̥jakim</center> || <center>lqo̥xamum</center> || <center>śo̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥miš</center> || <center>še̥jakiš</center> || <center>lqo̥xamuš</center> || <center>śo̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mit</center> || <center>še̥jakit</center> || <center>lqo̥xamut</center> || <center>śo̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutre̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥ku</center> || <center>juŕko̥mu</center> || <center>juko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötre̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕko̥mu</center> || <center>jüko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötre̥me</center> || <center>jöše̥ke</center> || <center>jüŕko̥mo</center> || <center>jüko̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥mem</center> || <center>ëše̥kem</center> || <center>ëŕko̥mom</center> || <center>ëko̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥meš</center> || <center>ëše̥keš</center> || <center>ëŕko̥moš</center> || <center>ëko̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥met</center> || <center>ëše̥ket</center> || <center>ëŕko̥mot</center> || <center>ëko̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknyse̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥jaku</center> || <center>julqo̥xamu</center> || <center>juśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknyse̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥jaku</center> || <center>jülqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknyse̥me</center> || <center>jöše̥jake</center> || <center>jülqo̥xamo</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥mem</center> || <center>ëše̥jakem</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamom</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥meš</center> || <center>ëše̥jakeš</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥met</center> || <center>ëše̥jaket</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamot</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>junöʔcico̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jönöʔcico̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxe̥se</center> || <center>jönöʔcico̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥sem</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥seš</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥set</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective present'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''o̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotere̥mu</center> || <center>ješe̥ku</center> || <center>joŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>jeko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatire̥mu</center> || <center>jiše̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>juko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatere̥m</center> || <center>ješe̥k</center> || <center>jäŕoko̥m</center> || <center>jeko̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mim</center> || <center>eše̥kim</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mum</center> || <center>oko̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tire̥miš</center> || <center>iše̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕuko̥muš</center> || <center>uko̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mit</center> || <center>eše̥kit</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mut</center> || <center>oko̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenyse̥mu</center> || <center>ješe̥jaku</center> || <center>joloqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jeśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinyse̥mu</center> || <center>jiše̥jaku</center> || <center>jäluqo̥xamu</center> || <center>juśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenyse̥m</center> || <center>ješe̥jak</center> || <center>jäloqo̥xam</center> || <center>jeśo̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mim</center> || <center>eše̥jakim</center> || <center>loqo̥xamum</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥miš</center> || <center>iše̥jakiš</center> || <center>luqo̥xamuš</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mit</center> || <center>eše̥jakit</center> || <center>loqo̥xamut</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mu</center> || <center>eše̥ku</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>oko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tire̥mu</center> || <center>iše̥ku</center> || <center>ŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>oko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥m</center> || <center>eše̥k</center> || <center>ŕoko̥m</center> || <center>oko̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mem</center> || <center>eše̥kem</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mom</center> || <center>oko̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tire̥meš</center> || <center>iše̥keš</center> || <center>ŕuko̥moš</center> || <center>uko̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥met</center> || <center>eše̥ket</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mot</center> || <center>oko̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mu</center> || <center>eše̥jaku</center> || <center>loqo̥xamu</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥mu</center> || <center>iše̥jaku</center> || <center>luqo̥xamu</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥m</center> || <center>eše̥jak</center> || <center>loqo̥xam</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mem</center> || <center>eše̥jakem</center> || <center>loqo̥xamom</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥meš</center> || <center>iše̥jakeš</center> || <center>luqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥met</center> || <center>eše̥jaket</center> || <center>loqo̥xamot</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutere̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥ku</center> || <center>juŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>juko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötire̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>jüko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötere̥m</center> || <center>jöše̥k</center> || <center>jüŕoko̥m</center> || <center>jüko̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtere̥mim</center> || <center>ëše̥kim</center> || <center>ëŕoko̥mum</center> || <center>ëko̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtire̥miš</center> || <center>ëše̥kiš</center> || <center>ëŕuko̥muš</center> || <center>ëko̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtere̥mit</center> || <center>ëše̥kit</center> || <center>ëŕoko̥mut</center> || <center>ëko̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence. | |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joukenyse̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥jaku</center> || <center>juloqo̥xamu</center> || <center>juśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökinyse̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥jaku</center> || <center>jüluqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökenyse̥m</center> || <center>jöše̥jak</center> || <center>jüloqo̥xam</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenyse̥mim</center> || <center>ëše̥jakim</center> || <center>ëloqo̥xamum</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkinyse̥miš</center> || <center>ëše̥jakiš</center> || <center>ëluqo̥xamuš</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenyse̥mit</center> || <center>ëše̥jakit</center> || <center>ëloqo̥xamut</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Subjunctive mood======
| |
| The subjunctive mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Subjunctive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ä-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-o-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ü-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective present'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotrḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jošḁ̈ku</center> || <center>joŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>jokü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatrḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jašḁ̈ku</center> || <center>jäŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>jäkü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatrḁ̈me</center> || <center>jašḁ̈ke</center> || <center>jäŕkü̥mo</center> || <center>jäkü̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mem</center> || <center>šḁ̈kem</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mom</center> || <center>kü̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈meš</center> || <center>šḁ̈keš</center> || <center>ŕkü̥moš</center> || <center>kü̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈met</center> || <center>šḁ̈ket</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mot</center> || <center>kü̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofkḁ̈çu</center> || <center>jofsü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafkḁ̈çu</center> || <center>jäfsü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafkḁ̈çe</center> || <center>jäfsü̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çem</center> || <center>fësü̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çeš</center> || <center>fësü̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çet</center> || <center>fësü̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jošḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jolqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jośü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jašḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jälqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jäśü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysḁ̈me</center> || <center>jašḁ̈jake</center> || <center>jälqü̥xamo</center> || <center>jäśü̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mem</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakem</center> || <center>lqü̥xamom</center> || <center>śü̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈meš</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakeš</center> || <center>lqü̥xamoš</center> || <center>śü̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈met</center> || <center>šḁ̈jaket</center> || <center>lqü̥xamot</center> || <center>śü̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxḁ̈su</center> || <center>jonöʔcicü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxḁ̈su</center> || <center>jänöʔcicü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxḁ̈se</center> || <center>jänöʔcicü̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁ̈sem</center> || <center>nöʔcicü̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁ̈seš</center> || <center>nöʔcicü̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁ̈set</center> || <center>nöʔcicü̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mu</center> || <center>šḁ̈ku</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>kü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mu</center> || <center>šḁ̈ku</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>kü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈me</center> || <center>šḁ̈ke</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mo</center> || <center>kü̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mim</center> || <center>šḁ̈kim</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mum</center> || <center>kü̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈miš</center> || <center>šḁ̈kiš</center> || <center>ŕkü̥muš</center> || <center>kü̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁ̈mit</center> || <center>šḁ̈kit</center> || <center>ŕkü̥mut</center> || <center>kü̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çu</center> || <center>fësü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çu</center> || <center>fësü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çe</center> || <center>fësü̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çim</center> || <center>fësü̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çiš</center> || <center>fësü̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁ̈çit</center> || <center>fësü̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>šḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>lqü̥xamu</center> || <center>śü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>šḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>lqü̥xamu</center> || <center>śü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈me</center> || <center>šḁ̈jake</center> || <center>lqü̥xamo</center> || <center>śü̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mim</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakim</center> || <center>lqü̥xamum</center> || <center>śü̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈miš</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakiš</center> || <center>lqü̥xamuš</center> || <center>śü̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁ̈mit</center> || <center>šḁ̈jakit</center> || <center>lqü̥xamut</center> || <center>śü̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ü̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutrḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jušḁ̈ku</center> || <center>juŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>jukü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötrḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈ku</center> || <center>jüŕkü̥mu</center> || <center>jükü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötrḁ̈me</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈ke</center> || <center>jüŕkü̥mo</center> || <center>jükü̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁ̈mem</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈kem</center> || <center>ëŕkü̥mom</center> || <center>ëkü̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁ̈meš</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈keš</center> || <center>ëŕkü̥moš</center> || <center>ëkü̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁ̈met</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈ket</center> || <center>ëŕkü̥mot</center> || <center>ëkü̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jušḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>julqü̥xamu</center> || <center>juśü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jülqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysḁ̈me</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈jake</center> || <center>jülqü̥xamo</center> || <center>jüśü̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁ̈mem</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakem</center> || <center>ëlqü̥xamom</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁ̈meš</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakeš</center> || <center>ëlqü̥xamoš</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁ̈met</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jaket</center> || <center>ëlqü̥xamot</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxḁ̈su</center> || <center>junöʔcicü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxḁ̈su</center> || <center>jönöʔcicü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxḁ̈se</center> || <center>jönöʔcicü̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁ̈sem</center> || <center>ënöʔcicü̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁ̈seš</center> || <center>ënöʔcicü̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁ̈set</center> || <center>ënöʔcicü̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective present'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ü̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joterḁ̈mu</center> || <center>ješḁ̈ku</center> || <center>joŕokü̥mu</center> || <center>jekü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatirḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jišḁ̈ku</center> || <center>jäŕukü̥mu</center> || <center>jukü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaterḁ̈m</center> || <center>ješḁ̈k</center> || <center>jäŕokü̥m</center> || <center>jekü̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈mim</center> || <center>ešḁ̈kim</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mum</center> || <center>okü̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tirḁ̈miš</center> || <center>išḁ̈kiš</center> || <center>ŕukü̥muš</center> || <center>ukü̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈mit</center> || <center>ešḁ̈kit</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mut</center> || <center>okü̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>ješḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>joloqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jeśü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jišḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jäluqü̥xamu</center> || <center>juśü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenysḁ̈m</center> || <center>ješḁ̈jak</center> || <center>jäloqü̥xam</center> || <center>jeśü̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈mim</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jakim</center> || <center>loqü̥xamum</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁ̈miš</center> || <center>išḁ̈jakiš</center> || <center>luqü̥xamuš</center> || <center>uśü̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈mit</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jakit</center> || <center>loqü̥xamut</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈mu</center> || <center>ešḁ̈ku</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mu</center> || <center>okü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tirḁ̈mu</center> || <center>išḁ̈ku</center> || <center>ŕukü̥mu</center> || <center>okü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈m</center> || <center>ešḁ̈k</center> || <center>ŕokü̥m</center> || <center>okü̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈mem</center> || <center>ešḁ̈kem</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mom</center> || <center>okü̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tirḁ̈meš</center> || <center>išḁ̈keš</center> || <center>ŕukü̥moš</center> || <center>ukü̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁ̈met</center> || <center>ešḁ̈ket</center> || <center>ŕokü̥mot</center> || <center>okü̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>loqü̥xamu</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>išḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>luqü̥xamu</center> || <center>uśü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈m</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jak</center> || <center>loqü̥xam</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈mem</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jakem</center> || <center>loqü̥xamom</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁ̈meš</center> || <center>išḁ̈jakeš</center> || <center>luqü̥xamoš</center> || <center>uśü̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁ̈met</center> || <center>ešḁ̈jaket</center> || <center>loqü̥xamot</center> || <center>ośü̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ü̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ̈'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ü̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''u'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ̈'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ü̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juterḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jušḁ̈ku</center> || <center>juŕokü̥mu</center> || <center>jukü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötirḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈ku</center> || <center>jüŕukü̥mu</center> || <center>jükü̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöterḁ̈m</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈k</center> || <center>jüŕokü̥m</center> || <center>jükü̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëterḁ̈mim</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈kim</center> || <center>ëŕokü̥mum</center> || <center>ëkü̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtirḁ̈miš</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈kiš</center> || <center>ëŕukü̥muš</center> || <center>ëkü̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëterḁ̈mit</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈kit</center> || <center>ëŕokü̥mut</center> || <center>ëkü̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joukenysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jušḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>juloqü̥xamu</center> || <center>juśü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökinysḁ̈mu</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈jaku</center> || <center>jüluqü̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśü̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökenysḁ̈m</center> || <center>jöšḁ̈jak</center> || <center>jüloqü̥xam</center> || <center>jüśü̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysḁ̈mim</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakim</center> || <center>ëloqü̥xamum</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkinysḁ̈miš</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakiš</center> || <center>ëluqü̥xamuš</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysḁ̈mit</center> || <center>ëšḁ̈jakit</center> || <center>ëloqü̥xamut</center> || <center>ëśü̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Conditional mood======
| |
| The conditional mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Subjunctive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-a-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-o-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-y-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective present'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotrḁmu</center> || <center>jošḁku</center> || <center>joŕkẏmu</center> || <center>jokẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatrḁmu</center> || <center>jašḁku</center> || <center>jäŕkẏmu</center> || <center>jäkẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatrḁme</center> || <center>jašḁke</center> || <center>jäŕkẏmo</center> || <center>jäkẏro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmem</center> || <center>šḁkem</center> || <center>ŕkẏmom</center> || <center>kẏrom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmeš</center> || <center>šḁkeš</center> || <center>ŕkẏmoš</center> || <center>kẏroš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmet</center> || <center>šḁket</center> || <center>ŕkẏmot</center> || <center>kẏrot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofkḁçu</center> || <center>jofsẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafkḁçu</center> || <center>jäfsẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafkḁçe</center> || <center>jäfsẏro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçem</center> || <center>fësẏrom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçeš</center> || <center>fësẏroš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçet</center> || <center>fësẏrot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknysḁmu</center> || <center>jošḁjaku</center> || <center>jolqẏxamu</center> || <center>jośẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysḁmu</center> || <center>jašḁjaku</center> || <center>jälqẏxamu</center> || <center>jäśẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysḁme</center> || <center>jašḁjake</center> || <center>jälqẏxamo</center> || <center>jäśẏjuʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmem</center> || <center>šḁjakem</center> || <center>lqẏxamom</center> || <center>śẏjuʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmeš</center> || <center>šḁjakeš</center> || <center>lqẏxamoš</center> || <center>śẏjuʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmet</center> || <center>šḁjaket</center> || <center>lqẏxamot</center> || <center>śẏjuʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxḁsu</center> || <center>jonöʔcicẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxḁsu</center> || <center>jänöʔcicẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxḁse</center> || <center>jänöʔcicẏro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁsem</center> || <center>nöʔcicẏrom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁseš</center> || <center>nöʔcicẏroš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxḁset</center> || <center>nöʔcicẏrot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁmu</center> || <center>šḁku</center> || <center>ŕkẏmu</center> || <center>kẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁmu</center> || <center>šḁku</center> || <center>ŕkẏmu</center> || <center>kẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>trḁme</center> || <center>šḁke</center> || <center>ŕkẏmo</center> || <center>kẏro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmim</center> || <center>švkim</center> || <center>ŕkẏmum</center> || <center>kẏrum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmiš</center> || <center>šḁkiš</center> || <center>ŕkẏmuš</center> || <center>kẏruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>trḁmit</center> || <center>šḁkit</center> || <center>ŕkẏmut</center> || <center>kẏrut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçu</center> || <center>fësẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçu</center> || <center>fësẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçe</center> || <center>fësẏro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçim</center> || <center>fësẏrum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçiš</center> || <center>fësẏruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëkḁçit</center> || <center>fësẏrut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmu</center> || <center>šḁjaku</center> || <center>lqẏxamu</center> || <center>śẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmu</center> || <center>šḁjaku</center> || <center>lqẏxamu</center> || <center>śẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysḁme</center> || <center>šḁjake</center> || <center>lqẏxamo</center> || <center>śẏjuʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmim</center> || <center>šḁjakim</center> || <center>lqẏxamum</center> || <center>śẏjuʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmiš</center> || <center>šḁjakiš</center> || <center>lqẏxamuš</center> || <center>śẏjuʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysḁmit</center> || <center>šḁjakit</center> || <center>lqẏxamut</center> || <center>śẏjuʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ẏ'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutrḁmu</center> || <center>jušḁku</center> || <center>juŕkẏmu</center> || <center>jukẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötrḁmu</center> || <center>jöšḁku</center> || <center>jüŕkẏmu</center> || <center>jükẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötrḁme</center> || <center>jöšḁke</center> || <center>jüŕkẏmo</center> || <center>jükẏro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁmem</center> || <center>ëšḁkem</center> || <center>ëŕkẏmom</center> || <center>ëkẏrom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁmeš</center> || <center>ëšḁkeš</center> || <center>ëŕkẏmoš</center> || <center>ëkẏroš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtrḁmet</center> || <center>ëšḁket</center> || <center>ëŕkẏmot</center> || <center>ëkẏrot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknysḁmu</center> || <center>jušḁjaku</center> || <center>julqẏxamu</center> || <center>juśẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysḁmu</center> || <center>jöšḁjaku</center> || <center>jülqẏxamu</center> || <center>jüśẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysḁme</center> || <center>jöšḁjake</center> || <center>jülqẏxamo</center> || <center>jüśẏjuʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁmem</center> || <center>ëšḁjakem</center> || <center>ëlqẏxamom</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁmeš</center> || <center>ëšḁjakeš</center> || <center>ëlqẏxamoš</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysḁmet</center> || <center>ëšḁjaket</center> || <center>ëlqẏxamot</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxḁsu</center> || <center>junöʔcicẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxḁsu</center> || <center>jönöʔcicẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxḁse</center> || <center>jönöʔcicẏro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁsem</center> || <center>ënöʔcicẏrom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁseš</center> || <center>ënöʔcicẏroš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxḁset</center> || <center>ënöʔcicẏrot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective present'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ẏ'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joterḁmu</center> || <center>ješḁku</center> || <center>joŕokẏmu</center> || <center>jekẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatirḁmu</center> || <center>jišḁku</center> || <center>jäŕukẏmu</center> || <center>jukẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaterḁm</center> || <center>ješḁk</center> || <center>jäŕokẏm</center> || <center>jekẏr</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁmim</center> || <center>ešḁkim</center> || <center>ŕokẏmum</center> || <center>okẏrum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tirḁmiš</center> || <center>išḁkiš</center> || <center>ŕukẏmuš</center> || <center>ukẏruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁmit</center> || <center>ešḁkit</center> || <center>ŕokẏmut</center> || <center>okẏrut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenysḁmu</center> || <center>ješḁjaku</center> || <center>joloqẏxamu</center> || <center>jeśẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinysḁmu</center> || <center>jišḁjaku</center> || <center>jäluqẏxamu</center> || <center>juśẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenysḁm</center> || <center>ješḁjak</center> || <center>jäloqẏxam</center> || <center>jeśẏjuʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmim</center> || <center>ešḁjakim</center> || <center>loqẏxamum</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁmiš</center> || <center>išḁjakiš</center> || <center>luqẏxamuš</center> || <center>uśẏjuʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmit</center> || <center>ešḁjakit</center> || <center>loqẏxamut</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>terḁmu</center> || <center>ešḁku</center> || <center>ŕokẏmu</center> || <center>okẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tirḁmu</center> || <center>išḁku</center> || <center>ŕukẏmu</center> || <center>okẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>terḁm</center> || <center>ešḁk</center> || <center>ŕokẏm</center> || <center>okẏr</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁmem</center> || <center>ešḁkem</center> || <center>ŕokẏmom</center> || <center>okẏrom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tirḁmeš</center> || <center>išḁkeš</center> || <center>ŕukẏmoš</center> || <center>ukẏroš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>terḁmet</center> || <center>ešḁket</center> || <center>ŕokẏmot</center> || <center>okẏrot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmu</center> || <center>ešḁjaku</center> || <center>loqẏxamu</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁmu</center> || <center>išḁjaku</center> || <center>luqẏxamu</center> || <center>uśẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁm</center> || <center>ešḁjak</center> || <center>loqẏxam</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmem</center> || <center>ešḁjakem</center> || <center>loqẏxamom</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysḁmeš</center> || <center>išḁjakeš</center> || <center>luqẏxamoš</center> || <center>uśẏjuʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysḁmet</center> || <center>ešḁjaket</center> || <center>loqẏxamot</center> || <center>ośẏjuʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ẏ'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''ḁ'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ẏ'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''i'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''u'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ḁ'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ẏ'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juterḁmu</center> || <center>jušḁku</center> || <center>juŕokẏmu</center> || <center>jukẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötirḁmu</center> || <center>jöšḁku</center> || <center>jüŕukẏmu</center> || <center>jükẏru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöterḁm</center> || <center>jöšḁk</center> || <center>jüŕokẏm</center> || <center>jükẏr</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëterḁmim</center> || <center>ëšḁkim</center> || <center>ëŕokẏmum</center> || <center>ëkẏrum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtirḁmiš</center> || <center>ëšḁkiš</center> || <center>ëŕukẏmuš</center> || <center>ëkẏruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëterḁmit</center> || <center>ëšḁkit</center> || <center>ëŕokẏmut</center> || <center>ëkẏrut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joukenysḁmu</center> || <center>jušḁjaku</center> || <center>juloqẏxamu</center> || <center>juśẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökinysḁmu</center> || <center>jöšḁjaku</center> || <center>jüluqẏxamu</center> || <center>jüśẏjuʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökenysḁm</center> || <center>jöšḁjak</center> || <center>jüloqẏxam</center> || <center>jüśẏjuʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysḁmim</center> || <center>ëšḁjakim</center> || <center>ëloqẏxamum</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkinysḁmiš</center> || <center>ëšḁjakiš</center> || <center>ëluqẏxamuš</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysḁmit</center> || <center>ëšḁjakit</center> || <center>ëloqẏxamut</center> || <center>ëśẏjuʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Optative mood======
| |
| The optative mood is derived from the indicative mood by altering the thematic vowel. Conversely, the conjugation patterns for all tenses remain the same:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Subjunctive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-i-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-o-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ö-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective present'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotri̥mu</center> || <center>joši̥ku</center> || <center>joŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>jokö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatri̥mu</center> || <center>jaši̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>jäkö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatri̥me</center> || <center>jaši̥ke</center> || <center>jäŕkö̥mo</center> || <center>jäkö̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mem</center> || <center>ši̥kem</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mom</center> || <center>kö̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥meš</center> || <center>ši̥keš</center> || <center>ŕkö̥moš</center> || <center>kö̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥met</center> || <center>ši̥ket</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mot</center> || <center>kö̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofki̥çu</center> || <center>jofsö̥ru</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafki̥çu</center> || <center>jäfsö̥ru</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafki̥çe</center> || <center>jäfsö̥ro</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çem</center> || <center>fësö̥rom</center> | |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çeš</center> || <center>fësö̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çet</center> || <center>fësö̥rot</center>
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknysi̥mu</center> || <center>joši̥jaku</center> || <center>jolqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jośö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysi̥mu</center> || <center>jaši̥jaku</center> || <center>jälqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jäśö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknysi̥me</center> || <center>jaši̥jake</center> || <center>jälqö̥xamo</center> || <center>jäśö̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mem</center> || <center>ši̥jakem</center> || <center>lqö̥xamom</center> || <center>śö̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥meš</center> || <center>ši̥jakeš</center> || <center>lqö̥xamoš</center> || <center>śö̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥met</center> || <center>ši̥jaket</center> || <center>lqö̥xamot</center> || <center>śö̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxi̥su</center> || <center>jonöʔcicö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxi̥su</center> || <center>jänöʔcicö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxi̥se</center> || <center>jänöʔcicö̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxi̥sem</center> || <center>nöʔcicö̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxi̥seš</center> || <center>nöʔcicö̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxi̥set</center> || <center>nöʔcicö̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mu</center> || <center>ši̥ku</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>kö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mu</center> || <center>ši̥ku</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>kö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tri̥me</center> || <center>ši̥ke</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mo</center> || <center>kö̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mim</center> || <center>ši̥kim</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mum</center> || <center>kö̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥miš</center> || <center>ši̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕkö̥muš</center> || <center>kö̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tri̥mit</center> || <center>ši̥kit</center> || <center>ŕkö̥mut</center> || <center>kö̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çu</center> || <center>fësö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çu</center> || <center>fësö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çe</center> || <center>fësö̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çim</center> || <center>fësö̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çiš</center> || <center>fësö̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëki̥çit</center> || <center>fësö̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mu</center> || <center>ši̥jaku</center> || <center>lqö̥xamu</center> || <center>śö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mu</center> || <center>ši̥jaku</center> || <center>lqö̥xamu</center> || <center>śö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥me</center> || <center>ši̥jake</center> || <center>lqö̥xamo</center> || <center>śö̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mim</center> || <center>ši̥jakim</center> || <center>lqö̥xamum</center> || <center>śö̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥miš</center> || <center>ši̥jakiš</center> || <center>lqö̥xamuš</center> || <center>śö̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knysi̥mit</center> || <center>ši̥jakit</center> || <center>lqö̥xamut</center> || <center>śö̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''i̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ö̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutri̥mu</center> || <center>juši̥ku</center> || <center>juŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>jukö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötri̥mu</center> || <center>jöši̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕkö̥mu</center> || <center>jükö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötri̥me</center> || <center>jöši̥ke</center> || <center>jüŕkö̥mo</center> || <center>jükö̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtri̥mem</center> || <center>ëši̥kem</center> || <center>ëŕkö̥mom</center> || <center>ëkö̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtri̥meš</center> || <center>ëši̥keš</center> || <center>ëŕkö̥moš</center> || <center>ëkö̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtri̥met</center> || <center>ëši̥ket</center> || <center>ëŕkö̥mot</center> || <center>ëkö̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknysi̥mu</center> || <center>juši̥jaku</center> || <center>julqö̥xamu</center> || <center>juśö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysi̥mu</center> || <center>jöši̥jaku</center> || <center>jülqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknysi̥me</center> || <center>jöši̥jake</center> || <center>jülqö̥xamo</center> || <center>jüśö̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysi̥mem</center> || <center>ëši̥jakem</center> || <center>ëlqö̥xamom</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysi̥meš</center> || <center>ëši̥jakeš</center> || <center>ëlqö̥xamoš</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknysi̥met</center> || <center>ëši̥jaket</center> || <center>ëlqö̥xamot</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxi̥su</center> || <center>junöʔcicö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxi̥su</center> || <center>jönöʔcicö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxi̥se</center> || <center>jönöʔcicö̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxi̥sem</center> || <center>ënöʔcicö̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxi̥seš</center> || <center>ënöʔcicö̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxi̥set</center> || <center>ënöʔcicö̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective present'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''ö̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joteri̥mu</center> || <center>ješi̥ku</center> || <center>joŕokö̥mu</center> || <center>jekö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatiri̥mu</center> || <center>jiši̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕukö̥mu</center> || <center>jukö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jateri̥m</center> || <center>ješi̥k</center> || <center>jäŕokö̥m</center> || <center>jekö̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>teri̥mim</center> || <center>eši̥kim</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mum</center> || <center>okö̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tiri̥miš</center> || <center>iši̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕukö̥muš</center> || <center>ukö̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>teri̥mit</center> || <center>eši̥kit</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mut</center> || <center>okö̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenysi̥mu</center> || <center>ješi̥jaku</center> || <center>joloqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jeśö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinysi̥mu</center> || <center>jiši̥jaku</center> || <center>jäluqö̥xamu</center> || <center>juśö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenysi̥m</center> || <center>ješi̥jak</center> || <center>jäloqö̥xam</center> || <center>jeśö̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥mim</center> || <center>eši̥jakim</center> || <center>loqö̥xamum</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysi̥miš</center> || <center>iši̥jakiš</center> || <center>luqö̥xamuš</center> || <center>uśö̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥mit</center> || <center>eši̥jakit</center> || <center>loqö̥xamut</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>teri̥mu</center> || <center>eši̥ku</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mu</center> || <center>okö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tiri̥mu</center> || <center>iši̥ku</center> || <center>ŕukö̥mu</center> || <center>okö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>teri̥m</center> || <center>eši̥k</center> || <center>ŕokö̥m</center> || <center>okö̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>teri̥mem</center> || <center>eši̥kem</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mom</center> || <center>okö̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tiri̥meš</center> || <center>iši̥keš</center> || <center>ŕukö̥moš</center> || <center>ukö̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>teri̥met</center> || <center>eši̥ket</center> || <center>ŕokö̥mot</center> || <center>okö̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥mu</center> || <center>eši̥jaku</center> || <center>loqö̥xamu</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinysi̥mu</center> || <center>iši̥jaku</center> || <center>luqö̥xamu</center> || <center>uśö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥m</center> || <center>eši̥jak</center> || <center>loqö̥xam</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥mem</center> || <center>eši̥jakem</center> || <center>loqö̥xamom</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinysi̥meš</center> || <center>iši̥jakeš</center> || <center>luqö̥xamoš</center> || <center>uśö̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenysi̥met</center> || <center>eši̥jaket</center> || <center>loqö̥xamot</center> || <center>ośö̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''i̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ö̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''i̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''ö̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''i'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''u'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''C'''e'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''i̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''ö̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juteri̥mu</center> || <center>juši̥ku</center> || <center>juŕokö̥mu</center> || <center>jukö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötiri̥mu</center> || <center>jöši̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕukö̥mu</center> || <center>jükö̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöteri̥m</center> || <center>jöši̥k</center> || <center>jüŕokö̥m</center> || <center>jükö̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëteri̥mim</center> || <center>ëši̥kim</center> || <center>ëŕokö̥mum</center> || <center>ëkö̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtiri̥miš</center> || <center>ëši̥kiš</center> || <center>ëŕukö̥muš</center> || <center>ëkö̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëteri̥mit</center> || <center>ëši̥kit</center> || <center>ëŕokö̥mut</center> || <center>ëkö̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As it can be noticed, the first two persons in this tense in the conjugation of biliteral roots display identical forms with the forms in the imperfective future tense. The two aspect are distinguished only by the context of the sentence.
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joukenysi̥mu</center> || <center>juši̥jaku</center> || <center>juloqö̥xamu</center> || <center>juśö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökinysi̥mu</center> || <center>jöši̥jaku</center> || <center>jüluqö̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśö̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jökenysi̥m</center> || <center>jöši̥jak</center> || <center>jüloqö̥xam</center> || <center>jüśö̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysi̥mim</center> || <center>ëši̥jakim</center> || <center>ëloqö̥xamum</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkinysi̥miš</center> || <center>ëši̥jakiš</center> || <center>ëluqö̥xamuš</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëkenysi̥mit</center> || <center>ëši̥jakit</center> || <center>ëloqö̥xamut</center> || <center>ëśö̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Imperative mood======
| |
| Unlike the other verbal moods, the imperative mood is distinguished by a substantially different conjugation pattern. The thematic vowels are the same as the indicative mood. Only the second persons and the first plural person are conveyed, without any further temporal or aspectual distinctions:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''i'''C</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''C</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''i'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''i'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center> || <center>'''-'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>te̥rim</center> || <center>še̥ke</center> || <center>ŕo̥kum</center> || <center>ko̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>te̥rimem</center> || <center>še̥kem</center> || <center>ŕo̥kumom</center> || <center>ko̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>te̥rimeš</center> || <center>še̥keš</center> || <center>ŕo̥kumoš</center> || <center>ko̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ======Non-finite forms======
| |
| The non-finite verbal forms are:
| |
| | |
| '''Infinitive'''
| |
| | |
| It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It can, however, be conjugated according to the mood, thus forming an indicative, a subjunctive, a conditional, and an optative form (<small>although the usage of the modal forms is quite limited</small>).
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>C'''e̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''el'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>subjunctive</small>'' || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ̈'''C'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ü̥'''C'''el'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>conditional</small>'' || <center>C'''ḁ'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ḁ'''C'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ẏ'''C'''el'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>C'''i̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''i̥'''C'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''CC'''el'''</center> || <center>C'''ö̥'''C'''el'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>te̥rmel</center> || <center>še̥kel</center> || <center>ŕo̥kmel</center> || <center>ko̥rel</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>subjunctive</small>'' || <center>tḁ̈rmel</center> || <center>šḁ̈kel</center> || <center>ŕü̥kmel</center> || <center>kü̥rel</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>conditional</small>'' || <center>tḁrmel</center> || <center>šḁkel</center> || <center>ŕẏkmel</center> || <center>kẏrel</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>optative</small>'' || <center>ti̥rmel</center> || <center>ši̥kel</center> || <center>ŕö̥kmel</center> || <center>kö̥rel</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb and it can be declined only in the singular number. It can also be introduced by a preposition. Its basic form is regarded as the direct case
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| L’infinito è una forma verbale nominale ed è considerato come un nome. Viene usata come nome verbale nelle frasi ed è perfettamente declinabile. A differenza dei nomi, tuttavia, presenta all’accusativo la desinenza zero, uguale al nominativo, quando non è accompagnato da alcuna preposizione. Non presenta forme di plurale.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |