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| ===Conjugation of verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Sample verbs (<small>two samples with a triliteral root, and two samples with a biliteral root</small>):
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| *'''Conjugation I''': termel, ''to sell'' - šekel, ''to give'' | | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| *'''Conjugation II''': ŕokmel, ''to lead'' - korel, ''to judge'' | | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| |
|
| ====Declarative valency====
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| =====Active diathesis=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| ======Indicative mood======
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| '''Imperfective present''' | |
|
| |
|
| In the '''imperfective present''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''ja'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotre̥mu</center> || <center>joše̥ku</center> || <center>joŕko̥mu</center> || <center>joko̥ru</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatre̥mu</center> || <center>jaše̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕko̥mu</center> || <center>jäko̥ru</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatre̥me</center> || <center>jaše̥ke</center> || <center>jäŕko̥mo</center> || <center>jäko̥ro</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mem</center> || <center>še̥kem</center> || <center>ŕko̥mom</center> || <center>ko̥rom</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥meš</center> || <center>še̥keš</center> || <center>ŕko̥moš</center> || <center>ko̥roš</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥met</center> || <center>še̥ket</center> || <center>ŕko̥mot</center> || <center>ko̥rot</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in the three plural persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jofke̥çu</center> || <center>jofso̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çu</center> || <center>jäfso̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jafke̥çe</center> || <center>jäfso̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çem</center> || <center>fëso̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çeš</center> || <center>fëso̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çet</center> || <center>fëso̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>joknyse̥mu</center> || <center>joše̥jaku</center> || <center>jolqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jośo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknyse̥mu</center> || <center>jaše̥jaku</center> || <center>jälqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jäśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jaknyse̥me</center> || <center>jaše̥jake</center> || <center>jälqo̥xamo</center> || <center>jäśo̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mem</center> || <center>še̥jakem</center> || <center>lqo̥xamom</center> || <center>śo̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥meš</center> || <center>še̥jakeš</center> || <center>lqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>śo̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥met</center> || <center>še̥jaket</center> || <center>lqo̥xamot</center> || <center>śo̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>josqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jonöʔcico̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jänöʔcico̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jasqäțxe̥se</center> || <center>jänöʔcico̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥sem</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥seš</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>sqäțxe̥set</center> || <center>nöʔcico̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>CC'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>CC'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mu</center> || <center>še̥ku</center> || <center>ŕko̥mu</center> || <center>ko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mu</center> || <center>še̥ku</center> || <center>ŕko̥mu</center> || <center>ko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tre̥me</center> || <center>še̥ke</center> || <center>ŕko̥mo</center> || <center>ko̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mim</center> || <center>še̥kim</center> || <center>ŕko̥mum</center> || <center>ko̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥miš</center> || <center>še̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕko̥muš</center> || <center>ko̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tre̥mit</center> || <center>še̥kit</center> || <center>ŕko̥mut</center> || <center>ko̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the conjugation of triliteral roots, an euphonic vowel -ë- can be inserted in all persons, if an unallowed initial consonant cluster appears.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs fekçel, ''to count'', and fosrel, ''to hear'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çu</center> || <center>fëso̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çu</center> || <center>fëso̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çe</center> || <center>fëso̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çim</center> || <center>fëso̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çiš</center> || <center>fëso̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fëke̥çit</center> || <center>fëso̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mu</center> || <center>še̥jaku</center> || <center>lqo̥xamu</center> || <center>śo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mu</center> || <center>še̥jaku</center> || <center>lqo̥xamu</center> || <center>śo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥me</center> || <center>še̥jake</center> || <center>lqo̥xamo</center> || <center>śo̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mim</center> || <center>še̥jakim</center> || <center>lqo̥xamum</center> || <center>śo̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥miš</center> || <center>še̥jakiš</center> || <center>lqo̥xamuš</center> || <center>śo̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>knyse̥mit</center> || <center>še̥jakit</center> || <center>lqo̥xamut</center> || <center>śo̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Imperfective future'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''imperfective future''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ju'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jö'''CC'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jö'''C'''e̥'''C'''e'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''CC'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center> || <center>'''jü'''C'''o̥'''C'''o'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>'''ë'''CC'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''CC'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''ë'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jutre̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥ku</center> || <center>juŕko̥mu</center> || <center>juko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötre̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥ku</center> || <center>jüŕko̥mu</center> || <center>jüko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jötre̥me</center> || <center>jöše̥ke</center> || <center>jüŕko̥mo</center> || <center>jüko̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥mem</center> || <center>ëše̥kem</center> || <center>ëŕko̥mom</center> || <center>ëko̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥meš</center> || <center>ëše̥keš</center> || <center>ëŕko̥moš</center> || <center>ëko̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëtre̥met</center> || <center>ëše̥ket</center> || <center>ëŕko̥mot</center> || <center>ëko̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>juknyse̥mu</center> || <center>juše̥jaku</center> || <center>julqo̥xamu</center> || <center>juśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknyse̥mu</center> || <center>jöše̥jaku</center> || <center>jülqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jöknyse̥me</center> || <center>jöše̥jake</center> || <center>jülqo̥xamo</center> || <center>jüśo̥juʔo</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥mem</center> || <center>ëše̥jakem</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamom</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥meš</center> || <center>ëše̥jakeš</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔoš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ëknyse̥met</center> || <center>ëše̥jaket</center> || <center>ëlqo̥xamot</center> || <center>ëśo̥juʔot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative prefix, this prefix does not change in conjugation and stays before the first root consonant. Other prefixes of the conjugation patterns are placed before the derivative prefixes.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs sqäțe̥xsel, ''to safeguard'', and nöʔcico̥rel, ''to sacrifice'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fekçel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>fosrel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jusqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>junöʔcico̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxe̥su</center> || <center>jönöʔcico̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jösqäțxe̥se</center> || <center>jönöʔcico̥ro</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥sem</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥seš</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>ësqäțxe̥set</center> || <center>ënöʔcico̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective present'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective present''' or '''perfect''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''jo'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jo'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ji'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''ju'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>'''ja'''C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''jä'''C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''je'''C'''o̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''im'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''um'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''iš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''uš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''it'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ut'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jotere̥mu</center> || <center>ješe̥ku</center> || <center>joŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>jeko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatire̥mu</center> || <center>jiše̥ku</center> || <center>jäŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>juko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jatere̥m</center> || <center>ješe̥k</center> || <center>jäŕoko̥m</center> || <center>jeko̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mim</center> || <center>eše̥kim</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mum</center> || <center>oko̥rum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tire̥miš</center> || <center>iše̥kiš</center> || <center>ŕuko̥muš</center> || <center>uko̥ruš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mit</center> || <center>eše̥kit</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mut</center> || <center>oko̥rut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
| |
| | |
| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jokenyse̥mu</center> || <center>ješe̥jaku</center> || <center>joloqo̥xamu</center> || <center>jeśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakinyse̥mu</center> || <center>jiše̥jaku</center> || <center>jäluqo̥xamu</center> || <center>juśo̥juʔu</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>jakenyse̥m</center> || <center>ješe̥jak</center> || <center>jäloqo̥xam</center> || <center>jeśo̥juʔ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mim</center> || <center>eše̥jakim</center> || <center>loqo̥xamum</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔum</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥miš</center> || <center>iše̥jakiš</center> || <center>luqo̥xamuš</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔuš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mit</center> || <center>eše̥jakit</center> || <center>loqo̥xamut</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔut</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| '''Perfective past'''
| |
| | |
| In the '''perfective past''', verbs are conjugated according to the following patterns:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation I</small>''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''<small>conjugation II</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>triliteral root</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>biliteral root</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''u'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''em'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''om'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>'''i'''C'''e̥'''C'''eš'''</center> || <center>C'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center> || <center>'''u'''C'''o̥'''C'''oš'''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>C'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>'''e'''C'''e̥'''C'''et'''</center> || <center>C'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center> || <center>'''o'''C'''o̥'''C'''ot'''</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>termel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šekel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>ŕokmel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>korel</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mu</center> || <center>eše̥ku</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mu</center> || <center>oko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tire̥mu</center> || <center>iše̥ku</center> || <center>ŕuko̥mu</center> || <center>oko̥ru</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>tere̥m</center> || <center>eše̥k</center> || <center>ŕoko̥m</center> || <center>oko̥r</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥mem</center> || <center>eše̥kem</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mom</center> || <center>oko̥rom</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tire̥meš</center> || <center>iše̥keš</center> || <center>ŕuko̥moš</center> || <center>uko̥roš</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>tere̥met</center> || <center>eše̥ket</center> || <center>ŕoko̥mot</center> || <center>oko̥rot</center>
| |
| |}
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| When a verb is derived from another verbal form through a derivative infix, this infix does not change in conjugation and stays next to the primary vowel inside the conjugation patterns.
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| With the sample verbs kyse̥nsel, ''to fall asleep'', še̥jakel, ''to give as a present'', lo̥xaqŕel, ''to exploit'', and fosrel, ''to expel, to exile'':
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>kyse̥nsel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>šejakel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>loxaqŕel</small>''</center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center>''<small>śojuʔel</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mu</center> || <center>eše̥jaku</center> || <center>loqo̥xamu</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔu</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥mu</center> || <center>iše̥jaku</center> || <center>luqo̥xamu</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔu</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥m</center> || <center>eše̥jak</center> || <center>loqo̥xam</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔ</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥mem</center> || <center>eše̥jakem</center> || <center>loqo̥xamom</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔom</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kinyse̥meš</center> || <center>iše̥jakeš</center> || <center>luqo̥xamoš</center> || <center>uśo̥juʔoš</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>kenyse̥met</center> || <center>eše̥jaket</center> || <center>loqo̥xamot</center> || <center>ośo̥juʔot</center>
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| |}
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